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ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATIO
(bouvier) | ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION. The compact which was made by the original
thirteen states of the United States of America, bore the name of the
"Articles of Confederation and perpetual union between, the states of New
Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations,
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland,
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia." It was adopted and
went into force on the first day of March, 1781, and remained as the supreme
law until the first Wednesday of March, 1789. 5 Wheat. R. 420. The following
analysis of this celebrated instrument is copied from Judge Story's
Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States, Book 2, c. 3.
2. "In pursuance of the design already announced, it is now proposed to
give an analysis of the articles of confederation, or, as they are
denominated in the instrument itself, the Articles of Confederation and
Perpetual Union between the States, as they were finally adopted by the
thirteen states in 1781.
3. "The style of the Confederacy was, by the first article, declared to
be, `The United States of America.' The second article declared, that each
state retained its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power,
jurisdiction and right, which was not by this confederation expressly
delegated to the United States, in congress assembled. The third article
declared, that the states severally entered into a firm league of friendship
with each other, for their common defence, the security of their liberties,
and their mutual and general welfare binding themselves to assist each other
against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on
account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretence whatever. The
fourth article declared, that the free inhabitants of each of the states,
(vagabonds and fugitives from justice excepted,) should be entitled to all
the privileges of free citizens in the several states; that the people of
each state should have free ingress and regress to any from any other state,
and should enjoy all the privileges of trade and commerce, subject to the
same duties and restrictions, as the inhabitants; that fugitives from
justice should, upon the demand of the executive of the state, from which
they fled, be delivered up; and that full faith and credit should be given,
in each of the states, to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the
courts and magistrates of every other state.
4. "Having thus provided for the security and intercourse of the
states, the next article (5th) provided for the organization of a general
congress, declaring that delegates should be chosen in such manner, as the
legislature of each state should direct; to meet in congress on the first
Monday in every year, with a power, reserved to each state, to recall any or
all of the delegates, and to send others in their, stead. No state was to be
represented in congress by less than two, nor than seven members. No
delegate was eligible for more than three, in any term of six years; and no
delegate was capable of holding any office of emolument under the United
States. Each state was to maintain its own delegates; and, in determining
questions in congress, was to have one vote. Freedom of speech and debate in
congress was not to be impeached or questioned in any other place; and the
members were to be protected from arrest and imprisonment, during the time
of their going to and from, and attendance on congress, except for treason,
felony, or breach of the peace.
5. "By subsequent articles, congress was invested with the sole and
exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, unless in case of
an invasion of a state by enemies, or an imminent danger of an invasion by
Indians; of sending and receiving ambassadors; entering into treaties and
alliances, under certain limitations, as to treaties of commerce; of
establishing rules for deciding all cases of capture on land and water, and
for the division and appropriation of prizes taken by the land or naval
forces, in the service of the United States of granting letters of marque
and reprisal in times of peace; of appointing courts for the trial of
piracies and felonies committed on the high seas; and of establishing courts
for receiving and finally determining appeals in all cases of captures.
6. "Congress was also invested with power to decide in the last resort,
on appeal, all disputes and differences between two or more states
concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatsoever; and the
mode of exercising that authority was specially prescribed. And all
controversies concerning the private right of soil, claimed under different
grants of two or more states before the settlement of their jurisdiction,
were to be finally determined in the same manner, upon the petition of
either of the grantees. But no state was to be deprived of territory for the
benefit of the United States.
7. "Congress was also invested with the sole and exclusive right and
power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own
authority, or that of the United States; of fixing the standard of weights
and measures throughout the United States; of regulating the trade and
managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the states,
provided, that the legislative right of any state within its own limits
should not be infringed or violated of establishing and regulating post
offices from one state to another, and exacting postage to defray the
expenses; of appointing all officers of the land forces in the service of
the United States, except regimental officers; of appointing all officers of
the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatsoever in the service
of the United States; and of making rules for the government and regulation
of the land and naval forces, and directing their operations.
8. "Congress was also invested with authority to appoint a committee of
the states to sit in the recess of congress, and to consist of one delegate
from each state, and other committees and civil officers, to manage the
general affairs under their direction; to appoint one of their number to
preside, but no person was to serve in the office of president more than one
year in the term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums for the,
public service, and to appropriate the same for defraying the public
expenses; to. borrow money and emit bills of credit of the United States to
build and equip a navy; to agree upon the number of land forces, and make
requisitions upon each state for its quota, in proportion to the number of
white inhabitants in such state. The legislatures of each state were to
appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip
them at the expense of the United States.
9. "Congress was also invested with power to adjourn for any time not
exceeding six months, and to any place within the United States and
provision was made for the publication of its journal, and for entering the
yeas and nays thereon, when desired by any delegate.
10. "Such were the powers confided in congress. But even these were
greatly restricted in their exercise; for it was expressly. provided, that
congress should never engage in a war; nor grant letters of marque or
reprisal in, time of peace; nor enter into any treaties or alliances; nor
coin money or regulate the value thereof; nor ascertain the sums or expenses
necessary for the, defence and welfare of the United States, nor emit bills
nor borrow money on the credit of the United States nor appropriate money;
nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built, or purchased; or
the number of land or sea forces to be raised; nor appoint a commander-in-
chief of the army or navy; unless nine states should assent to the same. And
no question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, was to
be determined, except by vote of the majority of the states.
11. "The committee of the states or any tine of them, were authorized in
the recess of congress to exercise such powers, as congress, with the assent
of nine states, should think it expedient to vest them with, except such
powers for the exercise of which, by the articles of confederation, the
assent of nine states was required, which could not be thus delegated.
12. "It was further. provided, that all bills of credit, moneys
borrowed, and debts contracted by or under the authority of congress before
the confederation, should be a charge against the United States; that when
land forces were raised by any state for the common defence, all officers of
or under the rank of colonel should be appointed by the legislature of the
state, or in such manner as the state should direct; and all vacancies
should be filled up in the same manner that all charges of war, and all
other expenses for the common defence or general welfare, should be defrayed
out of a common treasury, which should be supplied by the several states, in
proportion to the value of the land within each state granted or surveyed,
and the buildings and improvements thereon, to be estimated according to the
mode prescribed by congress; and the taxes for that proportion were to be
laid and levied by the legislatures of the states within the time agreed
upon by congress.
13. "Certain prohibitions were laid upon the exercise of powers by the
respective states. No state, without the consent of the United States, could
send an embassy to, or receive an embassy from, or enter into, any treaty
with any king, prince or state; nor could any person holding any office
under the United States, or any of them, accept any present, emolument,
office or title, from any foreign king, prince or state; nor could congress
itself grant any title of nobility. No two states could enter into any
treaty, confederation, or alliance with each other, without the consent of
congress. No state could lay any imposts or duties, which might interfere
with any proposed treaties. No vessels of war were to be kept up by any
state in time of peace, except deemed necessary by congress for its defence,
or trade; nor any body of forces, except such as should be deemed requisite
by congress to garrison its forts, and necessary for its defence. But every
state was required always to keep up a well regulated and disciplined
militia, sufficiently armed and accoutred, and to be provided with suitable
field-pieces, and tents, and arms, and ammunition, and camp equipage. No
state could engage in war without the consent of congress, unless actually
invaded by enemies, or in danger of invasion by the Indians. Nor could any
state grant commissions to any ships of war, nor letters of marque and
reprisal, except after a declaration of war by congress, unless such state
were infested by pirates, and then subject to the determination of congress.
No state could prevent the removal of any property imported into any state
to any other state, of which the owner was an inhabitant. And no imposition,
duties, or restriction, could be laid by any state on the Property of the
United States or of either of them.
14. "There was also provision made for the admission of Canada, into the
Union, and of other colonies with the assent of nine states. And it was
finally declared, that every state should abide by the determinations of
congress on all questions submitted to it by the confederation; that the
articles should be inviolably observed by every state; that the union
should be perpetual; and that no alterations should. be made in any of the
articles, unless agreed to by congress, and 'Confirmed by the legislatures
of every state.
15. "Such is the substance of this celebrated instrument, under which
the treaty of peace, acknowledging our independence, was negotiated, the war
of the revolution concluded, and the union of the states maintained until
the adoption of. the present constitution."
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Articles of confederation
(gcide) | Confederation \Con*fed`er*a"tion\, n. [L. confoederatio: cf. F.
conf['e]d['e]ration.]
1. The act of confederating; a league; a compact for mutual
support; alliance, particularly of princes, nations, or
states.
[1913 Webster]
The three princes enter into some strict league and
confederation among themselves. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
This was no less than a political confederation of
the colonies of New England. --Palfrey.
[1913 Webster]
2. The parties that are confederated, considered as a unit; a
confederacy.
[1913 Webster]
Articles of confederation. See under Article.
[1913 Webster]Article \Ar"ti*cle\, n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus
joint, akin to Gr. ?, fr. a root ar to join, fit. See Art,
n.]
1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary
work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more
particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article
in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system
of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or
stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as,
articles of agreement.
[1913 Webster]
2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of
a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia.
[1913 Webster]
3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
A very great revolution that happened in this
article of good breeding. --Addison.
[1913 Webster]
This last article will hardly be believed. --De Foe.
[1913 Webster]
4. A distinct part. "Upon each article of human duty."
--Paley. "Each article of time." --Habington.
[1913 Webster]
The articles which compose the blood. --E. Darwin.
[1913 Webster]
5. A particular one of various things; as, an article of
merchandise; salt is a necessary article.
[1913 Webster]
They would fight not for articles of faith, but for
articles of food. --Landor.
[1913 Webster]
6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic]
[1913 Webster]
This fatal news coming to Hick's Hall upon the
article of my Lord Russell's trial, was said to have
had no little influence on the jury and all the
bench to his prejudice. --Evelyn.
[1913 Webster]
7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the, used before
nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is
called the indefinite article, the the definite article.
[1913 Webster]
8. (Zool.) One of the segments of an articulated appendage.
[1913 Webster]
Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made
by the original thirteen States of the United States. They
were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law
until March, 1789.
Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of
impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment
does in a common criminal case.
Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for
the better government of the army.
In the article of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the
moment of death; in the dying struggle.
Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee
of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the
drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws.
The Thirty-nine Articles, statements (thirty-nine in
number) of the tenets held by the Church of England.
[1913 Webster] |
Articles of Confederation
(gcide) | Confederation \Con*fed`er*a"tion\, n. [L. confoederatio: cf. F.
conf['e]d['e]ration.]
1. The act of confederating; a league; a compact for mutual
support; alliance, particularly of princes, nations, or
states.
[1913 Webster]
The three princes enter into some strict league and
confederation among themselves. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
This was no less than a political confederation of
the colonies of New England. --Palfrey.
[1913 Webster]
2. The parties that are confederated, considered as a unit; a
confederacy.
[1913 Webster]
Articles of confederation. See under Article.
[1913 Webster]Article \Ar"ti*cle\, n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus
joint, akin to Gr. ?, fr. a root ar to join, fit. See Art,
n.]
1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary
work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more
particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article
in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system
of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or
stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as,
articles of agreement.
[1913 Webster]
2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of
a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia.
[1913 Webster]
3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
A very great revolution that happened in this
article of good breeding. --Addison.
[1913 Webster]
This last article will hardly be believed. --De Foe.
[1913 Webster]
4. A distinct part. "Upon each article of human duty."
--Paley. "Each article of time." --Habington.
[1913 Webster]
The articles which compose the blood. --E. Darwin.
[1913 Webster]
5. A particular one of various things; as, an article of
merchandise; salt is a necessary article.
[1913 Webster]
They would fight not for articles of faith, but for
articles of food. --Landor.
[1913 Webster]
6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic]
[1913 Webster]
This fatal news coming to Hick's Hall upon the
article of my Lord Russell's trial, was said to have
had no little influence on the jury and all the
bench to his prejudice. --Evelyn.
[1913 Webster]
7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the, used before
nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is
called the indefinite article, the the definite article.
[1913 Webster]
8. (Zool.) One of the segments of an articulated appendage.
[1913 Webster]
Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made
by the original thirteen States of the United States. They
were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law
until March, 1789.
Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of
impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment
does in a common criminal case.
Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for
the better government of the army.
In the article of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the
moment of death; in the dying struggle.
Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee
of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the
drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws.
The Thirty-nine Articles, statements (thirty-nine in
number) of the tenets held by the Church of England.
[1913 Webster] |
articles of confederation
(wn) | Articles of Confederation
n 1: a written agreement ratified in 1781 by the thirteen
original states; it provided a legal symbol of their union
by giving the central government no coercive power over the
states or their citizens |
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