| slovo | definícia |
Point system of type
(gcide) | Point \Point\, n. [F. point, and probably also pointe, L.
punctum, puncta, fr. pungere, punctum, to prick. See
Pungent, and cf. Puncto, Puncture.]
1. That which pricks or pierces; the sharp end of anything,
esp. the sharp end of a piercing instrument, as a needle
or a pin.
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2. An instrument which pricks or pierces, as a sort of needle
used by engravers, etchers, lace workers, and others;
also, a pointed cutting tool, as a stone cutter's point;
-- called also pointer.
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3. Anything which tapers to a sharp, well-defined
termination. Specifically: A small promontory or cape; a
tract of land extending into the water beyond the common
shore line.
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4. The mark made by the end of a sharp, piercing instrument,
as a needle; a prick.
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5. An indefinitely small space; a mere spot indicated or
supposed. Specifically: (Geom.) That which has neither
parts nor magnitude; that which has position, but has
neither length, breadth, nor thickness, -- sometimes
conceived of as the limit of a line; that by the motion of
which a line is conceived to be produced.
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6. An indivisible portion of time; a moment; an instant;
hence, the verge.
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When time's first point begun
Made he all souls. --Sir J.
Davies.
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7. A mark of punctuation; a character used to mark the
divisions of a composition, or the pauses to be observed
in reading, or to point off groups of figures, etc.; a
stop, as a comma, a semicolon, and esp. a period; hence,
figuratively, an end, or conclusion.
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And there a point, for ended is my tale. --Chaucer.
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Commas and points they set exactly right. --Pope.
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8. Whatever serves to mark progress, rank, or relative
position, or to indicate a transition from one state or
position to another, degree; step; stage; hence, position
or condition attained; as, a point of elevation, or of
depression; the stock fell off five points; he won by
tenpoints. "A point of precedence." --Selden. "Creeping on
from point to point." --Tennyson.
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A lord full fat and in good point. --Chaucer.
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9. That which arrests attention, or indicates qualities or
character; a salient feature; a characteristic; a
peculiarity; hence, a particular; an item; a detail; as,
the good or bad points of a man, a horse, a book, a story,
etc.
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He told him, point for point, in short and plain.
--Chaucer.
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In point of religion and in point of honor. --Bacon.
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Shalt thou dispute
With Him the points of liberty ? --Milton.
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10. Hence, the most prominent or important feature, as of an
argument, discourse, etc.; the essential matter; esp.,
the proposition to be established; as, the point of an
anecdote. "Here lies the point." --Shak.
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They will hardly prove his point. --Arbuthnot.
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11. A small matter; a trifle; a least consideration; a
punctilio.
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This fellow doth not stand upon points. --Shak.
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[He] cared not for God or man a point. --Spenser.
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12. (Mus.) A dot or mark used to designate certain tones or
time; as:
(a) (Anc. Mus.) A dot or mark distinguishing or
characterizing certain tones or styles; as, points of
perfection, of augmentation, etc.; hence, a note; a
tune. "Sound the trumpet -- not a levant, or a
flourish, but a point of war." --Sir W. Scott.
(b) (Mod. Mus.) A dot placed at the right hand of a note,
to raise its value, or prolong its time, by one half,
as to make a whole note equal to three half notes, a
half note equal to three quarter notes.
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13. (Astron.) A fixed conventional place for reference, or
zero of reckoning, in the heavens, usually the
intersection of two or more great circles of the sphere,
and named specifically in each case according to the
position intended; as, the equinoctial points; the
solstitial points; the nodal points; vertical points,
etc. See Equinoctial Nodal.
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14. (Her.) One of the several different parts of the
escutcheon. See Escutcheon.
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15. (Naut.)
(a) One of the points of the compass (see {Points of the
compass}, below); also, the difference between two
points of the compass; as, to fall off a point.
(b) A short piece of cordage used in reefing sails. See
Reef point, under Reef.
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16. (Anc. Costume) A a string or lace used to tie together
certain parts of the dress. --Sir W. Scott.
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17. Lace wrought the needle; as, point de Venise; Brussels
point. See Point lace, below.
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18. pl. (Railways) A switch. [Eng.]
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19. An item of private information; a hint; a tip; a pointer.
[Cant, U. S.]
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20. (Cricket) A fielder who is stationed on the off side,
about twelve or fifteen yards from, and a little in
advance of, the batsman.
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21. The attitude assumed by a pointer dog when he finds game;
as, the dog came to a point. See Pointer.
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22. (Type Making) A standard unit of measure for the size of
type bodies, being one twelfth of the thickness of pica
type. See Point system of type, under Type.
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23. A tyne or snag of an antler.
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24. One of the spaces on a backgammon board.
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25. (Fencing) A movement executed with the saber or foil; as,
tierce point.
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26. (Med.) A pointed piece of quill or bone covered at one
end with vaccine matter; -- called also vaccine point.
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27. One of the raised dots used in certain systems of
printing and writing for the blind. The first practical
system was that devised by Louis Braille in 1829, and
still used in Europe (see Braille). Two modifications
of this are current in the United States:
New York point founded on three bases of equidistant points
arranged in two lines (viz., : :: :::), and a later
improvement,
American Braille, embodying the Braille base (:::) and the
New-York-point principle of using the characters of few
points for the commonest letters.
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28. In technical senses:
(a) In various games, a position of a certain player, or,
by extension, the player himself; as: (1) (Lacrosse &
Ice Hockey) The position of the player of each side
who stands a short distance in front of the goal
keeper; also, the player himself. (2) (Baseball)
(pl.) The position of the pitcher and catcher.
(b) (Hunting) A spot to which a straight run is made;
hence, a straight run from point to point; a
cross-country run. [Colloq. Oxf. E. D.]
(c) (Falconry) The perpendicular rising of a hawk over
the place where its prey has gone into cover.
(d) Act of pointing, as of the foot downward in certain
dance positions.
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Note: The word point is a general term, much used in the
sciences, particularly in mathematics, mechanics,
perspective, and physics, but generally either in the
geometrical sense, or in that of degree, or condition
of change, and with some accompanying descriptive or
qualifying term, under which, in the vocabulary, the
specific uses are explained; as, boiling point, carbon
point, dry point, freezing point, melting point,
vanishing point, etc.
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At all points, in every particular, completely; perfectly.
--Shak.
At point, In point, At the point, In the point, or
On the point, as near as can be; on the verge; about (see
About, prep., 6); as, at the point of death; he was on
the point of speaking. "In point to fall down." --Chaucer.
"Caius Sidius Geta, at point to have been taken, recovered
himself so valiantly as brought day on his side."
--Milton.
Dead point. (Mach.) Same as Dead center, under Dead.
Far point (Med.), in ophthalmology, the farthest point at
which objects are seen distinctly. In normal eyes the
nearest point at which objects are seen distinctly; either
with the two eyes together (binocular near point), or with
each eye separately (monocular near point).
Nine points of the law, all but the tenth point; the
greater weight of authority.
On the point. See At point, above.
Point lace, lace wrought with the needle, as distinguished
from that made on the pillow.
Point net, a machine-made lace imitating a kind of Brussels
lace (Brussels ground).
Point of concurrence (Geom.), a point common to two lines,
but not a point of tangency or of intersection, as, for
instance, that in which a cycloid meets its base.
Point of contrary flexure, a point at which a curve changes
its direction of curvature, or at which its convexity and
concavity change sides.
Point of order, in parliamentary practice, a question of
order or propriety under the rules.
Point of sight (Persp.), in a perspective drawing, the
point assumed as that occupied by the eye of the
spectator.
Point of view, the relative position from which anything is
seen or any subject is considered.
Points of the compass (Naut.), the thirty-two points of
division of the compass card in the mariner's compass; the
corresponding points by which the circle of the horizon is
supposed to be divided, of which the four marking the
directions of east, west, north, and south, are called
cardinal points, and the rest are named from their
respective directions, as N. by E., N. N. E., N. E. by N.,
N. E., etc. See Illust. under Compass.
Point paper, paper pricked through so as to form a stencil
for transferring a design.
Point system of type. See under Type.
Singular point (Geom.), a point of a curve which possesses
some property not possessed by points in general on the
curve, as a cusp, a point of inflection, a node, etc.
To carry one's point, to accomplish one's object, as in a
controversy.
To make a point of, to attach special importance to.
To make a point, or To gain a point, accomplish that
which was proposed; also, to make advance by a step,
grade, or position.
To mark a point, or To score a point, as in billiards,
cricket, etc., to note down, or to make, a successful hit,
run, etc.
To strain a point, to go beyond the proper limit or rule;
to stretch one's authority or conscience.
Vowel point, in Arabic, Hebrew, and certain other Eastern
and ancient languages, a mark placed above or below the
consonant, or attached to it, representing the vowel, or
vocal sound, which precedes or follows the consonant.
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| | podobné slovo | definícia |
Point system of type bodies
(gcide) | Type \Type\ (t[imac]p), n. [F. type; cf. It. tipo, from L. typus
a figure, image, a form, type, character, Gr. ty`pos the mark
of a blow, impression, form of character, model, from the
root of ty`ptein to beat, strike; cf. Skr. tup to hurt.]
1. The mark or impression of something; stamp; impressed
sign; emblem.
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The faith they have in tennis, and tall stockings,
Short blistered breeches, and those types of travel.
--Shak.
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2. Form or character impressed; style; semblance.
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Thy father bears the type of king of Naples. --Shak.
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3. A figure or representation of something to come; a token;
a sign; a symbol; -- correlative to antitype.
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A type is no longer a type when the thing typified
comes to be actually exhibited. --South.
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4. That which possesses or exemplifies characteristic
qualities; the representative. Specifically:
(a) (Biol.) A general form or structure common to a number
of individuals; hence, the ideal representation of a
species, genus, or other group, combining the
essential characteristics; an animal or plant
possessing or exemplifying the essential
characteristics of a species, genus, or other group.
Also, a group or division of animals having a certain
typical or characteristic structure of body maintained
within the group.
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Since the time of Cuvier and Baer . . . the
whole animal kingdom has been universally held
to be divisible into a small number of main
divisions or types. --Haeckel.
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(b) (Fine Arts) The original object, or class of objects,
scene, face, or conception, which becomes the subject
of a copy; esp., the design on the face of a medal or
a coin.
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(c) (Chem.) A simple compound, used as a model or pattern
to which other compounds are conveniently regarded as
being related, and from which they may be actually or
theoretically derived.
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Note: The fundamental types used to express the simplest and
most essential chemical relations are hydrochloric
acid, HCl; water, H2O; ammonia, NH3; and methane,
CH4.
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5. (Typog.)
(a) A raised letter, figure, accent, or other character,
cast in metal or cut in wood, used in printing.
(b) Such letters or characters, in general, or the whole
quantity of them used in printing, spoken of
collectively; any number or mass of such letters or
characters, however disposed.
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Note: Type are mostly made by casting type metal in a mold,
though some of the larger sizes are made from maple,
mahogany, or boxwood. In the cut, a is the body; b, the
face, or part from which the impression is taken; c,
the shoulder, or top of the body; d, the nick
(sometimes two or more are made), designed to assist
the compositor in distinguishing the bottom of the face
from t`e top; e, the groove made in the process of
finishing, -- each type as cast having attached to the
bottom of the body a jet, or small piece of metal
(formed by the surplus metal poured into the mold),
which, when broken off, leaves a roughness that
requires to be removed. The fine lines at the top and
bottom of a letter are technically called ceriphs, and
when part of the face projects over the body, as in the
letter f, the projection is called a kern.
[1913 Webster] The type which compose an ordinary book
font consist of Roman CAPITALS, small capitals, and
lower-case letters, and Italic CAPITALS and lower-case
letters, with accompanying figures, points, and
reference marks, -- in all about two hundred
characters. Including the various modern styles of
fancy type, some three or four hundred varieties of
face are made. Besides the ordinary Roman and Italic,
some of the most important of the varieties are
[1913 Webster] Old English. Black Letter. Old Style.
French Elzevir. Boldface. Antique. Clarendon. Gothic.
Typewriter. Script.
[1913 Webster] The smallest body in common use is
diamond; then follow in order of size, pearl, agate,
nonpareil, minion, brevier, bourgeois (or two-line
diamond), long primer (or two-line pearl), small pica
(or two-line agate), pica (or two-line nonpareil),
English (or two-line minion), Columbian (or two-line
brevier), great primer (or two-line bourgeois), paragon
(or two-line long primer), double small pica (or
two-line small pica), double pica (or two-line pica),
double English (or two-line English), double great
primer (or two-line great primer), double paragon (or
two-line paragon), canon (or two-line double pica).
Above this, the sizes are called five-line pica,
six-line pica, seven-line pica, and so on, being made
mostly of wood. The following alphabets show the
different sizes up to great primer.
[1913 Webster] Brilliant . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
Diamond . . abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Pearl . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Agate . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Nonpareil . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Minion . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Brevier . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Bourgeois . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Long primer . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Small pica . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Pica . . . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz English . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Columbian . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz Great primer . . .
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz
[1913 Webster] The foregoing account is conformed to
the designations made use of by American type founders,
but is substantially correct for England. Agate,
however, is called ruby, in England, where, also, a
size intermediate between nonpareil and minion is
employed, called emerald.
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Point system of type bodies (Type Founding), a system
adopted by the type founders of the United States by which
the various sizes of type have been so modified and
changed that each size bears an exact proportional
relation to every other size. The system is a modification
of a French system, and is based on the pica body. This
pica body is divided into twelfths, which are termed
"points," and every type body consist of a given number of
these points. Many of the type founders indicate the new
sizes of type by the number of points, and the old names
are gradually being done away with. By the point system
type founders cast type of a uniform size and height,
whereas formerly fonts of pica or other type made by
different founders would often vary slightly so that they
could not be used together. There are no type in actual
use corresponding to the smaller theoretical sizes of the
point system. In some cases, as in that of ruby, the term
used designates a different size from that heretofore so
called.
[1913 Webster] 1 American 9 Bourgeois [bar] [bar] 11/2
German [bar] 2 Saxon 10 Long Primer [bar] [bar] 21/2 Norse
[bar] 3 Brilliant 11 Small Pica [bar] [bar] 31/2 Ruby 12
Pica [bar] [bar] 4 Excelsior [bar] 41/2 Diamond 14 English
[bar] [bar] 5 Pearl 16 Columbian [bar] [bar] 51/2 Agate
[bar] 6 Nonpareil 18 Great Primer [bar] [bar] 7 Minion
[bar] 8 Brevier 20 Paragon [bar] [bar] Diagram of the
"points" by which sizes of Type are graduated in the
"Point System".
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Type founder, one who casts or manufacture type.
Type foundry, Type foundery, a place for the manufacture
of type.
Type metal, an alloy used in making type, stereotype
plates, etc., and in backing up electrotype plates. It
consists essentially of lead and antimony, often with a
little tin, nickel, or copper.
Type wheel, a wheel having raised letters or characters on
its periphery, and used in typewriters, printing
telegraphs, etc.
Unity of type (Biol.), that fundamental agreement in
structure which is seen in organic beings of the same
class, and is quite independent of their habits of life.
--Darwin.
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