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Tyrannus tyrannus
(gcide) | King Martin Luther jr \King, Martin Luther, jr.\ Martin Luther
King, Jr. (1929-1968): Martin Luther King stands alongside
John F. Kennedy as one of the strikingly iconic images of
1960s America, one of the figures who inspired a revolution
of political will and social perception.
Born on 15 January 1929, to Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr.
and Alberta Christine King in Atlanta, Georgia, King was a
gifted student. It was while studying towards his Divinity
degree in 1951, that King first discovered the teachings of
Mahatma Ghandi, whose inspiration would be seen in many of
King's future ideas. In 1953, King married Coretta Scott. The
world that Martin Luther King and his new family found
themselves in during the late 1950s was one where racial
segregation was an accepted norm, whether in schools,
churches, or on public transport.
When Rosa Parks was arrested for not giving up her seat on a
bus for a white man - in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 - the
black civil rights movement found an unexpected opportunity
to begin a push that would eventually remove all officially
sanctioned segregation throughout the United States . And Dr.
King was at the forefront of that push.
(https://web.archive.org/web/20081229032957/http://www.time.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/parks01.html)
Four days after Rosa Parks was arrested, on the first day of
a boycott of the buses by black passengers, King was
appointed as president of the Montgomery Improvement
Association. Placing himself so publicly at the forefront of
the movement, he soon found himself and his family to be
targets for white hate. In January of the next year, a bomb
was thrown at his house. The King family would face similar
threats and acts of violence all through Martin's lifetime.
On 21 February 1956, King was one of those arrested as a
consequence of the boycott. By 4 June, however, a US District
Court ruled that such segregation on city bus lines was
unconstitutional, a decision confirmed in November by the
Supreme Court. Before the end of the year, Federal
injunctions had been served, and the Montgomery bus system
was officially unsegregated.
This was the first of King's victories. Although the success
was by no means solely his, the methods of non-violent
opposition utilised for this protest were to become a
trademark of Dr. King. This ideology contrasted sharply with
that represented by the other prominent black civil rights
leader of the time, Malcolm X,
(https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_X) but many people
responded strongly to King's gifts as an orator, to his
message of optimism and compassion, and to his sheer presence
as a human being.
Throughout his lifetime, King's activities were closely
monitored by the FBI, under the control of the controversial
J. Edgar Hoover. Evidence collected by Hoover's agents,
combined with rumour and innuendo, has cast a shadow over the
official view of Martin Luther King. Hoover was looking for
dirt, and compiled a dossier that accused King of infidelity,
beating women and of being a Communist.
(https://web.archive.org/web/20041019083224/http://archive.aclu.org/features/f011702a.html).
From 1957 onwards, King's reputation as a civil rights leader
and powerful orator grew. He appeared on the cover of Time in
February and met then-Vice President Richard Nixon in June.
(https://web.archive.org/web/20090316061938/http://www.time.com/time/time100/leaders/profile/king.html).
1958 saw the publication of his first book, Stride Toward
Freedom: The Montgomery Story, his version of the incidents
surrounding the bus boycott
. By 1960, Dr. King was a major voice in US political life.
He met with Presidential candidate John F. Kennedy to discuss
racial policy. In keeping with his belief in non-violent
protest, King's continued civil rights demonstrations would
take the form of sit-ins and obstructions, often leading to
his arrest. The sight of Martin Luther King being bundled off
to jail brought the causes he was helping much public
sympathy and support.
August 28 1963 saw the 'March on Washington', regarded as the
first major, integrated protest march in American history.
(https://web.archive.org/web/20040608193544/http://www.life.com/Life/mlk/mlk06.html).
At the end of the march, Dr. King delivers the I Have A Dream
speech at the Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC.
(https://web.archive.org/web/20060831163009/http://www.mecca.org/~crights/dream.html)
Racial tension, however, was increasing; 1964 saw riots all
across the country, notably in New York, New Jersey, Illinois
and Pennsylvania.
King was growing as an international figure. In 1964, he
visited West Berlin, invited by the then-mayor, Willy Brandt,
had an audience with Pope Paul VI at the Vatican, then, most
significantly, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo,
Norway.
(https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel-prize-lessons-theme-martin-luther-king-jr-and-the-civil-rights-movement/)
The following year, Malcolm X was assassinated in New York.
Violence was escalating in areas of racial tension, including
Montgomery, Alabama. Protesters were regularly beaten by
police officers, often resulting in serious injuries or even
fatalities. In Watts, Los Angeles, riots left 35 people dead.
In March a protest rally reached Montgomery, under the
protection of federal troops. Starting at an estimated 3,000
marchers, by the time they reach their destination, it's
believed they numbered nearly 30,000 people. On reaching the
capitol, the marchers were addressed by Dr. King.
1966 saw King talk openly about more than racial issues. He
began to discuss his opposition to the Vietnam war and issues
such as housing - arguing for protection for poor people,
regardless of their race.
In 1967, the rioting was worsening growing to be some of the
worst in American history. Fuelled by the uncertainty and
anger created by the shootings of figures such as Malcolm X
and John F. Kennedy, the sense of helpless rage directed at
the nation's social structure and America's involvement in
Vietnam, already strained civil relations were heading
towards what seemed to be an inevitably violent conclusion.
In Mississippi, one black student was killed in a riot at
Jackson State College; 23 people died in riots in New Jersey;
and 43 died, with another 324 injured in riots in Detroit
riots, labelled as the worst of the century.
The last year of Martin Luther King's life saw him cast his
net even wider, including taking part in a march in support
of sanitation workers in Memphis, Tennessee. This part of
King's career is often glossed over or undervalued by
historians and commentators of the time.
(https://web.archive.org/web/20081011070216/http://www.fair.org/media-beat/950104.html/).
On April 3, he delivered his last speech, entitled "I See the
Promised Land". The contents of the speech seem eerily
prescient in retrospect.
(http://www.edchange.org/multicultural/speeches/mlk_promised_land.html).
The next day, April 4 1968, Martin Luther King was shot dead
as he stood talking on the balcony of his room at the
Lorraine Motel, Memphis. James Earl Ray was charged and found
guilty of his murder.
King was buried on April 9, aged 39. After his death, Dr.
King's widow, Coretta Scott King, established The King Center
as 'the official, living memorial dedicated to the
advancement of the legacy of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'
(https://thekingcenter.org/).
King's legacy is represented by Martin Luther King Day,
celebrated in the United States on the third Monday in
January every year. http://www.holidays.net/mlk/ --Carl
Gillingham
[CG] Kingbird \King"bird\, n. (Zool.)
1. A small American bird (Tyrannus tyrannus, or {Tyrannus
Carolinensis}), noted for its courage in attacking larger
birds, even hawks and eagles, especially when they
approach its nest in the breeding season. It is a typical
tyrant flycatcher, taking various insects upon the wing.
It is dark ash above, and blackish on the bead and tail.
The quills and wing coverts are whitish at the edges. It
is white beneath, with a white terminal band on the tail.
The feathers on the head of the adults show a bright
orange basal spot when erected. Called also bee bird,
and bee martin. Several Southern and Western species of
Tyrannus are also called king birds.
[1913 Webster]
2. The king tody. See under King.
[1913 Webster] |
tyrannus tyrannus
(wn) | Tyrannus tyrannus
n 1: large American flycatcher [syn: kingbird, {Tyrannus
tyrannus}] |
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