| slovo | definícia |
examination
(mass) | examination
- prehliadka, skúška |
examination
(encz) | examination,prohlídka |
examination
(encz) | examination,zkouška |
examination
(gcide) | Test \Test\, n. [OE. test test, or cupel, potsherd, F. t[^e]t,
from L. testum an earthen vessel; akin to testa a piece of
burned clay, an earthen pot, a potsherd, perhaps for tersta,
and akin to torrere to patch, terra earth (cf. Thirst, and
Terrace), but cf. Zend tasta cup. Cf. Test a shell,
Testaceous, Tester a covering, a coin, Testy,
{T[^e]te-[`a]-t[^e]te}.]
1. (Metal.) A cupel or cupelling hearth in which precious
metals are melted for trial and refinement.
[1913 Webster]
Our ingots, tests, and many mo. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
2. Examination or trial by the cupel; hence, any critical
examination or decisive trial; as, to put a man's
assertions to a test. "Bring me to the test." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Means of trial; as, absence is a test of love.
[1913 Webster]
Each test every light her muse will bear. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
4. That with which anything is compared for proof of its
genuineness; a touchstone; a standard.
[1913 Webster]
Life, force, and beauty must to all impart,
At once the source, and end, and test of art.
--Pope.
[1913 Webster]
5. Discriminative characteristic; standard of judgment;
ground of admission or exclusion.
[1913 Webster]
Our test excludes your tribe from benefit. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
6. Judgment; distinction; discrimination.
[1913 Webster]
Who would excel, when few can make a test
Betwixt indifferent writing and the best? --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
7. (Chem.) A reaction employed to recognize or distinguish
any particular substance or constituent of a compound, as
the production of some characteristic precipitate; also,
the reagent employed to produce such reaction; thus, the
ordinary test for sulphuric acid is the production of a
white insoluble precipitate of barium sulphate by means of
some soluble barium salt.
[1913 Webster]
8. A set of questions to be answered or problems to be
solved, used as a means to measure a person's knowledge,
aptitude, skill, intelligence, etc.; in school settings,
synonymous with examination or exam; as, an
intelligence test. Also used attributively; as a test
score, test results.
[PJC]
Test act (Eng. Law), an act of the English Parliament
prescribing a form of oath and declaration against
transubstantiation, which all officers, civil and
military, were formerly obliged to take within six months
after their admission to office. They were obliged also to
receive the sacrament according to the usage of the Church
of England. --Blackstone.
Test object (Optics), an object which tests the power or
quality of a microscope or telescope, by requiring a
certain degree of excellence in the instrument to
determine its existence or its peculiar texture or
markings.
Test paper.
(a) (Chem.) Paper prepared for use in testing for certain
substances by being saturated with a reagent which
changes color in some specific way when acted upon by
those substances; thus, litmus paper is turned red by
acids, and blue by alkalies, turmeric paper is turned
brown by alkalies, etc.
(b) (Law) An instrument admitted as a standard or
comparison of handwriting in those jurisdictions in
which comparison of hands is permitted as a mode of
proving handwriting.
Test tube. (Chem.)
(a) A simple tube of thin glass, closed at one end, for
heating solutions and for performing ordinary
reactions.
(b) A graduated tube.
[1913 Webster]
Syn: Criterion; standard; experience; proof; experiment;
trial.
Usage: Test, Trial. Trial is the wider term; test is a
searching and decisive trial. It is derived from the
Latin testa (earthen pot), which term was early
applied to the fining pot, or crucible, in which
metals are melted for trial and refinement. Hence the
peculiar force of the word, as indicating a trial or
criterion of the most decisive kind.
[1913 Webster]
I leave him to your gracious acceptance, whose
trial shall better publish his commediation.
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
Thy virtue, prince, has stood the test of
fortune,
Like purest gold, that tortured in the furnace,
Comes out more bright, and brings forth all its
weight. --Addison.
[1913 Webster] |
Examination
(gcide) | Examination \Ex*am`i*na"tion\, n. [L. examinatio: cf. F.
examination.]
1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a
careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by
study or experiment.
[1913 Webster]
2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a
candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the
examinations. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that
examination which is made of a witness by a party calling
him.
Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party.
Re["e]xamination, or Re-direct examination, (Law) that
questioning of a witness at trial made by the party
calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out
of, the cross-examination; also called informally
re-direct.
Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny;
inquisition; inspection; exploration.
[1913 Webster] |
examination
(wn) | examination
n 1: the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes)
[syn: examination, scrutiny]
2: a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or
knowledge; "when the test was stolen the professor had to
make a new set of questions" [syn: examination, exam,
test]
3: formal systematic questioning [syn: interrogation,
examination, interrogatory]
4: a detailed inspection of your conscience (as done daily by
Jesuits) [syn: examen, examination]
5: the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by
questions) to determine what they know or have learned [syn:
examination, testing] |
EXAMINATION
(bouvier) | EXAMINATION, crim. law. By the common law no one is bound to accuse himself.
Nemo tenetur prodere seipsum. In England, by the statutes of Philip and
Mary, (1 & 2 P. & M. c. 13; 2 & 3 P. & M. c. 10,) the principles of which
have been adopted in several of the United States, the justices before whom
any person shall be brought, charged with any of the crimes therein
mentioned, shall take the examination of the prisoner, as well is that of
the witnesses, in writing, which the magistrates shall subscribe, and
deliver to the officer of the court where the trial is to be had. The
signature of the prisoner, when not specially required by statute, is not
indispensable, though it is proper to obtain it, when it can be obtained. 1
Chit. Cr. Law, 87; 2 Leach, Cr. Cas. 625.
2. It will be proper to consider, 1. The requisites of such
examination. 2. How it is to be proved. 3. Its effects.
3.-1. It is required that it should, 1st. Be voluntarily made,
without any compulsion of any kind; and, 2d. It must be reduced to writing.
1st. The law is particularly solicitous to let the prisoner be free in
making declarations in his examination; and if the prisoner has not been
left entirely free, or did not consider himself to be so, or if he did not
feel at liberty wholly to decline any explanation or declaration whatever,
the examination is not considered voluntary, and the writing cannot be read
in evidence against him, nor can parol evidence be received of what the
prisoner said on the occasion. 5 C. & P. 812; 7 C. & P. 177; 1 Stark. R.
242; 6 Penn. Law Journ. 120. The prisoner, of course, cannot be sworn, and
make his statement under oath. Bull. N. P. 242; 4 Hawk. P. C. book 2, c. 46,
Sec. 37; 4 C. & P. 564. 2a. The statute requires that the examination shall
be reduced to writing, or so much as may be material, and the law presumes
the magistrate did his duty and took down all that was material. Joy on
Conf. 89-92; 1 Greenl. Ev. Sec. 227. The prisoner need not sign the
examination so reduced to writing, to give it validity; but, if being asked
to sign it, he absolutely refuse, it will be considered incomplete. 2 Stark.
R. 483; 2 Leach, Cr. Cas. 627, n.
4.-2. The certificate of the magistrate is conclusive evidence of the
manner in which the examination was conducted. 7 C. & P. 177; 9 C. & P. 124;
1 Stark. R. 242. Before it can be given in evidence, its identity must be
proved, as well as the identity of the prisoner. When the prisoner has
signed the examination, proof of his handwriting is sufficient evidence that
he has read it; but if he has merely made his mark, or not signed it at all,
the magistrate or clerk must identify the prisoner, and prove that the
writing was duly read to him, and that he assented to it. l Greenl. Ev. Sec.
520; 1 M. & Rob. 395.
5.-3. The effect of such an examination, when properly taken and
proved, is sufficient to found a conviction. 1 Greenl. Ev. Sec. 216.
|
EXAMINATION
(bouvier) | EXAMINATION, practice. The interrogation of a witness, in order to ascertain
his knowledge as to the facts in dispute between parties. When the
examination is made by the party who called the witness, it is called an
examination in chief. When it is made by the other party, it is known by the
name of cross-examination. (q.v.)
2. The examination is to be made in open court, when practicable; but
when,: on account of age, sickness, or other cause, the witness cannot be so
examined, then it may be made before authorized commissioners. In the
examination in chief the counsel cannot ask leading questions, except in
particular cases. Vide Cross-examination; Leading question.
3. The laws of the several states require the private examination of a
feme covert before a competent officer, in order to pass her title to her
own real estate or the interest she has in that of her husband: as to the
mode in which this is to be done, see Acknowledgment. See, also, 3 Call, R.
394; 5 Mason's R. 59; 1 Hill, R. 110; 4 Leigh, R. 498; 2 Gill & John. 1; 3
Rand. R. 468 1 Monr. R. 49; 3 Monr. R. 397; 1 Edw. R. 572; 3 Yerg. R. 548 1
Yerg. R. 413 3 J. J. Marsh. R. 241 2 A. K. Marsh. R. 67; 6 Wend. R. 9; 1
Dall. 11, 17; 3 Yeates, R. 471; 8 S. & R. 299; 4 S. & R. 273.
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
examination
(mass) | examination
- prehliadka, skúška |
bank examination
(encz) | bank examination,revize banky Zdeněk Brož |
cross examination
(encz) | cross examination,křížový výslech n: Pino |
cross-examination
(encz) | cross-examination,krizový výslech |
direct examination
(encz) | direct examination, n: |
entrance examination
(encz) | entrance examination,přijímací zkouška Pavel Cvrček |
examination
(encz) | examination,prohlídka examination,zkouška |
examination paper
(encz) | examination paper, n: |
examinations
(encz) | examinations,zkoumání pl. Zdeněk Brožexaminations,zkoušky n: pl. Zdeněk Brož |
final examination
(encz) | final examination, n: |
leaving examination
(encz) | leaving examination,maturitní n: Zdeněk Brož |
medical examination
(encz) | medical examination, n: |
midterm examination
(encz) | midterm examination, n: |
oral examination
(encz) | oral examination,ústní zkouška n: Věroš Kaplan |
physical examination
(encz) | physical examination, |
postmortem examination
(encz) | postmortem examination, n: |
preliminary examination
(encz) | preliminary examination, n: |
re-examination
(encz) | re-examination,opětovné vyšetření n: Zdeněk Brož |
redirect examination
(encz) | redirect examination, n: |
reexamination
(encz) | reexamination,opětovné vyšetření n: Zdeněk Brož |
self-examination
(encz) | self-examination,sebezpytování n: Zdeněk Brož |
x-ray examination
(encz) | x-ray examination,rentgenování v: [med.] mamm |
Classical tripos examination
(gcide) | Tripos \Tri"pos\, n.; pl. Triposes. [Gr. ? a tripod. See
Tripod.]
1. A tripod. [Obs.] --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
2. A university examination of questionists, for honors;
also, a tripos paper; one who prepares a tripos paper.
[Cambridge University, Eng.]
[1913 Webster]
Classical tripos examination, the final university
examination for classical honors, optional to all who have
taken the mathematical honors. --C. A. Bristed.
Tripos paper, a printed list of the successful candidates
for mathematical honors, accompanied by a piece in Latin
verse. There are two of these, designed to commemorate the
two tripos days. The first contains the names of the
wranglers and senior optimes, and the second the names of
the junior optimes. The word tripos is supposed to refer
to the three-legged stool formerly used at the
examinations for these honors, though some derive it from
the three brackets formerly printed on the back of the
paper. --C. A. Bristed.
[1913 Webster] |
cross-examination
(gcide) | cross-examination \cross"-ex*am`i*na"tion\
(kr?s"?gz-?m`?-n?"sh?n; 115), n. (Law)
The interrogating or questioning of a witness by the party
against whom he has been called and examined. See
Examination.
[1913 Webster]
2. [fig.] close or detailed questioning.
[WordNet 1.5]Examination \Ex*am`i*na"tion\, n. [L. examinatio: cf. F.
examination.]
1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a
careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by
study or experiment.
[1913 Webster]
2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a
candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the
examinations. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that
examination which is made of a witness by a party calling
him.
Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party.
Re["e]xamination, or Re-direct examination, (Law) that
questioning of a witness at trial made by the party
calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out
of, the cross-examination; also called informally
re-direct.
Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny;
inquisition; inspection; exploration.
[1913 Webster] |
Cross-examination
(gcide) | cross-examination \cross"-ex*am`i*na"tion\
(kr?s"?gz-?m`?-n?"sh?n; 115), n. (Law)
The interrogating or questioning of a witness by the party
against whom he has been called and examined. See
Examination.
[1913 Webster]
2. [fig.] close or detailed questioning.
[WordNet 1.5]Examination \Ex*am`i*na"tion\, n. [L. examinatio: cf. F.
examination.]
1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a
careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by
study or experiment.
[1913 Webster]
2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a
candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the
examinations. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that
examination which is made of a witness by a party calling
him.
Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party.
Re["e]xamination, or Re-direct examination, (Law) that
questioning of a witness at trial made by the party
calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out
of, the cross-examination; also called informally
re-direct.
Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny;
inquisition; inspection; exploration.
[1913 Webster] |
Direct examination
(gcide) | Direct \Di*rect"\, a. [L. directus, p. p. of dirigere to direct:
cf. F. direct. See Dress, and cf. Dirge.]
1. Straight; not crooked, oblique, or circuitous; leading by
the short or shortest way to a point or end; as, a direct
line; direct means.
[1913 Webster]
What is direct to, what slides by, the question.
--Locke.
[1913 Webster]
2. Straightforward; not of crooked ways, or swerving from
truth and openness; sincere; outspoken.
[1913 Webster]
Be even and direct with me. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Immediate; express; plain; unambiguous.
[1913 Webster]
He nowhere, that I know, says it in direct words.
--Locke.
[1913 Webster]
A direct and avowed interference with elections.
--Hallam.
[1913 Webster]
4. In the line of descent; not collateral; as, a descendant
in the direct line.
[1913 Webster]
5. (Astron.) In the direction of the general planetary
motion, or from west to east; in the order of the signs;
not retrograde; -- said of the motion of a celestial
body.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Political Science) Pertaining to, or effected immediately
by, action of the people through their votes instead of
through one or more representatives or delegates; as,
direct nomination, direct legislation.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
Direct action.
(a) (Mach.) See Direct-acting.
(b) (Trade unions) See Syndicalism, below. [Webster 1913
Suppl.]
Direct discourse (Gram.), the language of any one quoted
without change in its form; as, he said "I can not come;"
-- correlative to indirect discourse, in which there is
change of form; as, he said that he could not come. They
are often called respectively by their Latin names,
oratio directa, and oratio obliqua.
Direct evidence (Law), evidence which is positive or not
inferential; -- opposed to circumstantial evidence, or
indirect evidence. -- This distinction, however, is
merely formal, since there is no direct evidence that is
not circumstantial, or dependent on circumstances for its
credibility. --Wharton.
Direct examination (Law), the first examination of a
witness in the orderly course, upon the merits. --Abbott.
Direct fire (Mil.), fire, the direction of which is
perpendicular to the line of troops or to the parapet
aimed at.
Direct process (Metal.), one which yields metal in working
condition by a single process from the ore. --Knight.
Direct tax, a tax assessed directly on lands, etc., and
polls, distinguished from taxes on merchandise, or
customs, and from excise.
[1913 Webster]Examination \Ex*am`i*na"tion\, n. [L. examinatio: cf. F.
examination.]
1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a
careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by
study or experiment.
[1913 Webster]
2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a
candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the
examinations. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that
examination which is made of a witness by a party calling
him.
Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party.
Re["e]xamination, or Re-direct examination, (Law) that
questioning of a witness at trial made by the party
calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out
of, the cross-examination; also called informally
re-direct.
Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny;
inquisition; inspection; exploration.
[1913 Webster] |
examination
(gcide) | Test \Test\, n. [OE. test test, or cupel, potsherd, F. t[^e]t,
from L. testum an earthen vessel; akin to testa a piece of
burned clay, an earthen pot, a potsherd, perhaps for tersta,
and akin to torrere to patch, terra earth (cf. Thirst, and
Terrace), but cf. Zend tasta cup. Cf. Test a shell,
Testaceous, Tester a covering, a coin, Testy,
{T[^e]te-[`a]-t[^e]te}.]
1. (Metal.) A cupel or cupelling hearth in which precious
metals are melted for trial and refinement.
[1913 Webster]
Our ingots, tests, and many mo. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
2. Examination or trial by the cupel; hence, any critical
examination or decisive trial; as, to put a man's
assertions to a test. "Bring me to the test." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Means of trial; as, absence is a test of love.
[1913 Webster]
Each test every light her muse will bear. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
4. That with which anything is compared for proof of its
genuineness; a touchstone; a standard.
[1913 Webster]
Life, force, and beauty must to all impart,
At once the source, and end, and test of art.
--Pope.
[1913 Webster]
5. Discriminative characteristic; standard of judgment;
ground of admission or exclusion.
[1913 Webster]
Our test excludes your tribe from benefit. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
6. Judgment; distinction; discrimination.
[1913 Webster]
Who would excel, when few can make a test
Betwixt indifferent writing and the best? --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
7. (Chem.) A reaction employed to recognize or distinguish
any particular substance or constituent of a compound, as
the production of some characteristic precipitate; also,
the reagent employed to produce such reaction; thus, the
ordinary test for sulphuric acid is the production of a
white insoluble precipitate of barium sulphate by means of
some soluble barium salt.
[1913 Webster]
8. A set of questions to be answered or problems to be
solved, used as a means to measure a person's knowledge,
aptitude, skill, intelligence, etc.; in school settings,
synonymous with examination or exam; as, an
intelligence test. Also used attributively; as a test
score, test results.
[PJC]
Test act (Eng. Law), an act of the English Parliament
prescribing a form of oath and declaration against
transubstantiation, which all officers, civil and
military, were formerly obliged to take within six months
after their admission to office. They were obliged also to
receive the sacrament according to the usage of the Church
of England. --Blackstone.
Test object (Optics), an object which tests the power or
quality of a microscope or telescope, by requiring a
certain degree of excellence in the instrument to
determine its existence or its peculiar texture or
markings.
Test paper.
(a) (Chem.) Paper prepared for use in testing for certain
substances by being saturated with a reagent which
changes color in some specific way when acted upon by
those substances; thus, litmus paper is turned red by
acids, and blue by alkalies, turmeric paper is turned
brown by alkalies, etc.
(b) (Law) An instrument admitted as a standard or
comparison of handwriting in those jurisdictions in
which comparison of hands is permitted as a mode of
proving handwriting.
Test tube. (Chem.)
(a) A simple tube of thin glass, closed at one end, for
heating solutions and for performing ordinary
reactions.
(b) A graduated tube.
[1913 Webster]
Syn: Criterion; standard; experience; proof; experiment;
trial.
Usage: Test, Trial. Trial is the wider term; test is a
searching and decisive trial. It is derived from the
Latin testa (earthen pot), which term was early
applied to the fining pot, or crucible, in which
metals are melted for trial and refinement. Hence the
peculiar force of the word, as indicating a trial or
criterion of the most decisive kind.
[1913 Webster]
I leave him to your gracious acceptance, whose
trial shall better publish his commediation.
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
Thy virtue, prince, has stood the test of
fortune,
Like purest gold, that tortured in the furnace,
Comes out more bright, and brings forth all its
weight. --Addison.
[1913 Webster]Examination \Ex*am`i*na"tion\, n. [L. examinatio: cf. F.
examination.]
1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a
careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by
study or experiment.
[1913 Webster]
2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a
candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the
examinations. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that
examination which is made of a witness by a party calling
him.
Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party.
Re["e]xamination, or Re-direct examination, (Law) that
questioning of a witness at trial made by the party
calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out
of, the cross-examination; also called informally
re-direct.
Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny;
inquisition; inspection; exploration.
[1913 Webster] |
Examination in chief
(gcide) | Examination \Ex*am`i*na"tion\, n. [L. examinatio: cf. F.
examination.]
1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a
careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by
study or experiment.
[1913 Webster]
2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a
candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the
examinations. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that
examination which is made of a witness by a party calling
him.
Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party.
Re["e]xamination, or Re-direct examination, (Law) that
questioning of a witness at trial made by the party
calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out
of, the cross-examination; also called informally
re-direct.
Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny;
inquisition; inspection; exploration.
[1913 Webster] |
Physical examination
(gcide) | Physical \Phys"ic*al\ (f[i^]z"[i^]*kal), a.
1. Of or pertaining to nature (as including all created
existences); in accordance with the laws of nature; also,
of or relating to natural or material things, or to the
bodily structure, as opposed to things mental, moral,
spiritual, or imaginary; material; natural; as, armies and
navies are the physical force of a nation; the body is the
physical part of man.
[1913 Webster]
Labor, in the physical world, is . . . employed in
putting objects in motion. --J. S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
A society sunk in ignorance, and ruled by mere
physical force. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
2. Of or pertaining to physics, or natural philosophy;
treating of, or relating to, the causes and connections of
natural phenomena; as, physical science; physical laws.
"Physical philosophy." --Pope.
[1913 Webster]
3. Perceptible through a bodily or material organization;
cognizable by the senses; external; as, the physical,
opposed to chemical, characters of a mineral.
[1913 Webster]
4. Of or pertaining to physic, or the art of medicine;
medicinal; curative; healing; also, cathartic; purgative.
[Obs.] "Physical herbs." --Sir T. North.
[1913 Webster]
Is Brutus sick? and is it physical
To walk unbraced, and suck up the humors
Of the dank morning? --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
Physical astronomy, that part of astronomy which treats of
the causes of the celestial motions; specifically, that
which treats of the motions resulting from universal
gravitation.
Physical education, training of the bodily organs and
powers with a view to the promotion of health and vigor.
Physical examination (Med.), an examination of the bodily
condition of a person.
Physical geography. See under Geography.
Physical point, an indefinitely small portion of matter; a
point conceived as being without extension, yet having
physical properties, as weight, inertia, momentum, etc.; a
material point.
Physical signs (Med.), the objective signs of the bodily
state afforded by a physical examination.
[1913 Webster] |
Post-mortem examination
(gcide) | Post-mortem \Post-mor"tem\, a. [L., after death.]
After death; as, post-mortem rigidity.
[1913 Webster]
Post-mortem examination (Med.), an examination of the body
made after the death of the patient; an autopsy.
[1913 Webster] |
Preexamination
(gcide) | Preexamination \Pre`["e]x*am`i*na"tion\, n.
Previous examination.
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Re-direct examination
(gcide) | Examination \Ex*am`i*na"tion\, n. [L. examinatio: cf. F.
examination.]
1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a
careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by
study or experiment.
[1913 Webster]
2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a
candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry.
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He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the
examinations. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that
examination which is made of a witness by a party calling
him.
Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party.
Re["e]xamination, or Re-direct examination, (Law) that
questioning of a witness at trial made by the party
calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out
of, the cross-examination; also called informally
re-direct.
Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny;
inquisition; inspection; exploration.
[1913 Webster] |
reexamination
(gcide) | follow-up \follow-up\ n.
1. a second (or subsequent) action to increase the
effectiveness of an initial action. Also used
attributively; as a follow-up visit.
Note: A follow-up may be of various types. After a medical
examination, a second examination (or reexamination)
to obtain additional information regarding some fact
discovered in the first examination is considered a
follow-up. A second visit or phone call in pursuit of a
sale or other request would also be a follow-up.
Syn: reexamination, review.
[WordNet 1.5 +PJC]
2. (Journalism) A subsequent story providing information
discovered or events happening after a first story was
published.
[PJC]
3. (Journalism) Same as sidebar.
[PJC]Reexamination \Re`ex*am`i*na"tion\ (-?*n?"sh?n), n.
A repeated examination. See under Examination.
[1913 Webster]Examination \Ex*am`i*na"tion\, n. [L. examinatio: cf. F.
examination.]
1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a
careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by
study or experiment.
[1913 Webster]
2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a
candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the
examinations. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that
examination which is made of a witness by a party calling
him.
Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party.
Re["e]xamination, or Re-direct examination, (Law) that
questioning of a witness at trial made by the party
calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out
of, the cross-examination; also called informally
re-direct.
Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny;
inquisition; inspection; exploration.
[1913 Webster] |
Reexamination
(gcide) | follow-up \follow-up\ n.
1. a second (or subsequent) action to increase the
effectiveness of an initial action. Also used
attributively; as a follow-up visit.
Note: A follow-up may be of various types. After a medical
examination, a second examination (or reexamination)
to obtain additional information regarding some fact
discovered in the first examination is considered a
follow-up. A second visit or phone call in pursuit of a
sale or other request would also be a follow-up.
Syn: reexamination, review.
[WordNet 1.5 +PJC]
2. (Journalism) A subsequent story providing information
discovered or events happening after a first story was
published.
[PJC]
3. (Journalism) Same as sidebar.
[PJC]Reexamination \Re`ex*am`i*na"tion\ (-?*n?"sh?n), n.
A repeated examination. See under Examination.
[1913 Webster]Examination \Ex*am`i*na"tion\, n. [L. examinatio: cf. F.
examination.]
1. The act of examining, or state of being examined; a
careful search, investigation, or inquiry; scrutiny by
study or experiment.
[1913 Webster]
2. A process prescribed or assigned for testing
qualification; as, the examination of a student, or of a
candidate for admission to the bar or the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
He neglected the studies, . . . stood low at the
examinations. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Examination in chief, or Direct examination (Law), that
examination which is made of a witness by a party calling
him.
Cross-examination, that made by the opposite party.
Re["e]xamination, or Re-direct examination, (Law) that
questioning of a witness at trial made by the party
calling the witness, after, and upon matters arising out
of, the cross-examination; also called informally
re-direct.
Syn: Search; inquiry; investigation; research; scrutiny;
inquisition; inspection; exploration.
[1913 Webster] |
Self-examination
(gcide) | Self-examination \Self`-ex*am`i*na"tion\, n.
An examination into one's own state, conduct, and motives,
particularly in regard to religious feelings and duties.
[1913 Webster] |
bank examination
(wn) | bank examination
n 1: an examination of the affairs and records of a bank by a
state or federal bank examiner |
bar examination
(wn) | bar examination
n 1: an examination conducted at regular intervals to determine
whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in a given
jurisdiction; "applicants may qualify to take the New York
bar examination by graduating from an approved law school";
"he passed the bar exam on his third try" [syn: {bar
examination}, bar exam] |
comprehensive examination
(wn) | comprehensive examination
n 1: an intensive examination testing a student's proficiency in
some special field of knowledge; "she took her comps in
English literature" [syn: comprehensive examination,
comprehensive, comp] |
cross-examination
(wn) | cross-examination
n 1: (law) close questioning of a hostile witness in a court of
law to discredit or throw a new light on the testimony
already provided in direct examination |
direct examination
(wn) | direct examination
n 1: (law) the initial questioning of a witness by the party
that called the witness |
entrance examination
(wn) | entrance examination
n 1: examination to determine a candidate's preparation for a
course of studies [syn: entrance examination, {entrance
exam}] |
examination
(wn) | examination
n 1: the act of examining something closely (as for mistakes)
[syn: examination, scrutiny]
2: a set of questions or exercises evaluating skill or
knowledge; "when the test was stolen the professor had to
make a new set of questions" [syn: examination, exam,
test]
3: formal systematic questioning [syn: interrogation,
examination, interrogatory]
4: a detailed inspection of your conscience (as done daily by
Jesuits) [syn: examen, examination]
5: the act of giving students or candidates a test (as by
questions) to determine what they know or have learned [syn:
examination, testing] |
examination paper
(wn) | examination paper
n 1: a written examination [syn: test paper, {examination
paper}, exam paper, question sheet] |
final examination
(wn) | final examination
n 1: an examination administered at the end of an academic term
[syn: final examination, final exam, final] |
medical examination
(wn) | medical examination
n 1: a thorough physical examination; includes a variety of
tests depending on the age and sex and health of the person
[syn: checkup, medical checkup, medical examination,
medical exam, medical, health check] |
midterm examination
(wn) | midterm examination
n 1: an examination administered in the middle of an academic
term [syn: midterm examination, midterm exam,
midterm] |
oral examination
(wn) | oral examination
n 1: an examination conducted by spoken communication [syn:
oral, oral exam, oral examination, viva voce,
viva] |
post-mortem examination
(wn) | post-mortem examination
n 1: an examination and dissection of a dead body to determine
cause of death or the changes produced by disease [syn:
autopsy, necropsy, postmortem, post-mortem, PM,
postmortem examination, post-mortem examination] |
postmortem examination
(wn) | postmortem examination
n 1: an examination and dissection of a dead body to determine
cause of death or the changes produced by disease [syn:
autopsy, necropsy, postmortem, post-mortem, PM,
postmortem examination, post-mortem examination] |
preliminary examination
(wn) | preliminary examination
n 1: an examination taken by graduate students to determine
their fitness to continue [syn: preliminary examination,
preliminary exam, prelim] |
redirect examination
(wn) | redirect examination
n 1: (law) questioning of a witness by the party that called the
witness after that witness has been subject to cross-
examination [syn: redirect examination, reexamination] |
reexamination
(wn) | reexamination
n 1: (law) questioning of a witness by the party that called the
witness after that witness has been subject to cross-
examination [syn: redirect examination, reexamination]
2: a subsequent examination of a patient for the purpose of
monitoring earlier treatment [syn: follow-up, followup,
reexamination, review] |
self-examination
(wn) | self-examination
n 1: the contemplation of your own thoughts and desires and
conduct [syn: introspection, self-contemplation, {self-
examination}] |
CROSS-EXAMINATION
(bouvier) | CROSS-EXAMINATION, practice. The examination of a witness, by the party who
did not call him, upon matters to which he has been examined in chief.
2. Every party has a right to cross-examine a witness produced by his
antagonist, in order to test whether the witness has the knowledge of the
things he testifies and if, upon examination, it is found that the witness
had the means and ability to ascertain the facts about which he testifies,
then his memory, his motives, everything may be scrutinized by the cross-
examination.
3. In cross-examinations a great latitude is allowed in the mode of
putting questions, and the counsel may put leading questions. (q.v.) Vide
further on this subject, and for some rules which limit the abuse of this
right, 1 Stark. Ev,. 96; 1 Phil. Ev. 210; 6 Watts & Serg. 75.
4. The object of a cross-examination is to sift the evidence, and try
the credibility of a witness who has been called and given evidence in
chief. It is one of the principal tests which the law has devised for the
ascertainment of truth, and it is certainly one of the most efficacious. By
this means the situation of the witness, with respect to the parties and the
subject of litigation, his interest, his motives, his inclinations and his
prejudices, his means of obtaining a correct and certain knowledge of the
facts to which he testifies the manner in which he has used those means, his
powers of discerning the facts in the first instance, and of his capacity in
retaining and describing them, are fully investigated and ascertained. The
witness, however artful he may be, will seldom be able to elude the keen
perception of an intelligent court or jury, unless indeed his story be
founded on truth. When false, he will be liable to detection at every step.
1 Stark. Ev. 96; 1 Phil. Ev. 227; Fortese. Rep. Pref. 2 to 4; Vaugh. R. 143.
5. In order to entitle a party to a cross-examination, the witness must
have been sworn and examined; for, even if the witness be asked a question
in chief, yet if he make no answer, the opponent has no right to cross-
examine. 1 Cr. M. & Ros. 95; 1 16 S. & R. 77; Rosc. Cr. Ev. 128; 3 Car. & P.
16; S. C. 14 E. C. L. Rep. 189; 3 Bouv. Inst. n. 3217. Formerly, however,
the rule seems to have been different. 1 Phil. Ev. 211.
6. A cross-examination of a witness is not always necessary or
advisable. A witness tells the truth wholly or partially, or he tells a
falsehood. If he tells the whole truth, a cross-examination may have the
effect of rendering his testimony more circumstantial, and impressing the
jury with a stronger opinion of its truth. If he tells only a part of the
truth, and the part omitted is favorable to the client of the counsel cross-
examining, he should direct the attention of the witness to the matters
omitted. If the testimony of the witness be false, the whole force of the
cross-examination should be directed to his credibility. This is done by
questioning him as to his means of knowledge, his disinterestedness, and
other matters calculated to show a want of integrity or veracity, if there
is reason to believe the witness prejudiced, partial, or willfully dishonest.
Arch. Crim. Pl. 111. See Credible Witness.
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EXAMINATION
(bouvier) | EXAMINATION, crim. law. By the common law no one is bound to accuse himself.
Nemo tenetur prodere seipsum. In England, by the statutes of Philip and
Mary, (1 & 2 P. & M. c. 13; 2 & 3 P. & M. c. 10,) the principles of which
have been adopted in several of the United States, the justices before whom
any person shall be brought, charged with any of the crimes therein
mentioned, shall take the examination of the prisoner, as well is that of
the witnesses, in writing, which the magistrates shall subscribe, and
deliver to the officer of the court where the trial is to be had. The
signature of the prisoner, when not specially required by statute, is not
indispensable, though it is proper to obtain it, when it can be obtained. 1
Chit. Cr. Law, 87; 2 Leach, Cr. Cas. 625.
2. It will be proper to consider, 1. The requisites of such
examination. 2. How it is to be proved. 3. Its effects.
3.-1. It is required that it should, 1st. Be voluntarily made,
without any compulsion of any kind; and, 2d. It must be reduced to writing.
1st. The law is particularly solicitous to let the prisoner be free in
making declarations in his examination; and if the prisoner has not been
left entirely free, or did not consider himself to be so, or if he did not
feel at liberty wholly to decline any explanation or declaration whatever,
the examination is not considered voluntary, and the writing cannot be read
in evidence against him, nor can parol evidence be received of what the
prisoner said on the occasion. 5 C. & P. 812; 7 C. & P. 177; 1 Stark. R.
242; 6 Penn. Law Journ. 120. The prisoner, of course, cannot be sworn, and
make his statement under oath. Bull. N. P. 242; 4 Hawk. P. C. book 2, c. 46,
Sec. 37; 4 C. & P. 564. 2a. The statute requires that the examination shall
be reduced to writing, or so much as may be material, and the law presumes
the magistrate did his duty and took down all that was material. Joy on
Conf. 89-92; 1 Greenl. Ev. Sec. 227. The prisoner need not sign the
examination so reduced to writing, to give it validity; but, if being asked
to sign it, he absolutely refuse, it will be considered incomplete. 2 Stark.
R. 483; 2 Leach, Cr. Cas. 627, n.
4.-2. The certificate of the magistrate is conclusive evidence of the
manner in which the examination was conducted. 7 C. & P. 177; 9 C. & P. 124;
1 Stark. R. 242. Before it can be given in evidence, its identity must be
proved, as well as the identity of the prisoner. When the prisoner has
signed the examination, proof of his handwriting is sufficient evidence that
he has read it; but if he has merely made his mark, or not signed it at all,
the magistrate or clerk must identify the prisoner, and prove that the
writing was duly read to him, and that he assented to it. l Greenl. Ev. Sec.
520; 1 M. & Rob. 395.
5.-3. The effect of such an examination, when properly taken and
proved, is sufficient to found a conviction. 1 Greenl. Ev. Sec. 216.
EXAMINATION, practice. The interrogation of a witness, in order to ascertain
his knowledge as to the facts in dispute between parties. When the
examination is made by the party who called the witness, it is called an
examination in chief. When it is made by the other party, it is known by the
name of cross-examination. (q.v.)
2. The examination is to be made in open court, when practicable; but
when,: on account of age, sickness, or other cause, the witness cannot be so
examined, then it may be made before authorized commissioners. In the
examination in chief the counsel cannot ask leading questions, except in
particular cases. Vide Cross-examination; Leading question.
3. The laws of the several states require the private examination of a
feme covert before a competent officer, in order to pass her title to her
own real estate or the interest she has in that of her husband: as to the
mode in which this is to be done, see Acknowledgment. See, also, 3 Call, R.
394; 5 Mason's R. 59; 1 Hill, R. 110; 4 Leigh, R. 498; 2 Gill & John. 1; 3
Rand. R. 468 1 Monr. R. 49; 3 Monr. R. 397; 1 Edw. R. 572; 3 Yerg. R. 548 1
Yerg. R. 413 3 J. J. Marsh. R. 241 2 A. K. Marsh. R. 67; 6 Wend. R. 9; 1
Dall. 11, 17; 3 Yeates, R. 471; 8 S. & R. 299; 4 S. & R. 273.
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RE-EXAMINATION
(bouvier) | RE-EXAMINATION. A second examination of a thing. A witness maybe reexamined,
in a trial at law, in the discretion of the court, and this is seldom
refused. In equity, it is a general rule that there can be no reexamination
of a witness, after he has once signed his name to the deposition, and
turned his back upon the commissioner or examiner; the reason of this is
that he may be tampered with or induced to retract or qualify what he has
sworn to. 1 Meriv. 130.
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