| slovo | definícia |
polarization
(encz) | polarization,polarizace n: [opt.] Ritchie |
Polarization
(gcide) | Polarization \Po`lar*i*za"tion\, n. [Cf. F. polarisation.]
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1. The act of polarizing; the state of being polarized, or of
having polarity.
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2. (Opt.) A peculiar affection or condition of the rays of
light or heat, in consequence of which they exhibit
different properties in different directions.
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Note: If a beam of light, which has been reflected from a
plate of unsilvered glass at an angle of about 56[deg],
be received upon a second plate of glass similar to the
former, and at the same angle of incidence, the light
will be readily reflected when the two planes of
incidence are parallel to each other, but will not be
reflected when the two planes of incidence are
perpendicular to each other. The light has, therefore,
acquired new properties by reflection from the first
plate of glass, and is called polarized light, while
the modification which the light has experienced by
this reflection is called polarization. The plane in
which the beam of light is reflected from the first
mirror is called the plane of polarization. The angle
of polarization is the angle at which a beam of light
must be reflected, in order that the polarization may
be the most complete. The term polarization was derived
from the theory of emission, and it was conceived that
each luminous molecule has two poles analogous to the
poles of a magnet; but this view is not now held.
According to the undulatory theory, ordinary light is
produced by vibrations transverse or perpendicular to
the direction of the ray, and distributed as to show no
distinction as to any particular direction. But when,
by any means, these, vibrations are made to take place
in one plane, the light is said to be plane polarized.
If only a portion of the vibrations lie in one plane
the ray is said to be partially polarized. Light may be
polarized by several methods other than by reflection,
as by refraction through most crystalline media, or by
being transmitted obliquely through several plates of
glass with parallel faces. If a beam of polarized light
be transmitted through a crystal of quartz in the
direction of its axis, the plane of polarization will
be changed by an angle proportional to the thickness of
the crystal. This phenomenon is called rotatory
polarization. A beam of light reflected from a metallic
surface, or from glass surfaces under certain peculiar
conditions, acquires properties still more complex, its
vibrations being no longer rectilinear, but circular,
or elliptical. This phenomenon is called circular or
elliptical polarization.
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3. (Elec.) An effect produced upon the plates of a voltaic
battery, or the electrodes in an electrolytic cell, by the
deposition upon them of the gases liberated by the action
of the current. It is chiefly due to the hydrogen, and
results in an increase of the resistance, and the setting
up of an opposing electro-motive force, both of which tend
materially to weaken the current of the battery, or that
passing through the cell.
[1913 Webster] |
polarization
(wn) | polarization
n 1: the phenomenon in which waves of light or other radiation
are restricted in direction of vibration [syn:
polarization, polarisation]
2: the condition of having or giving polarity [syn:
polarization, polarisation] |
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
depolarization
(encz) | depolarization,depolarizace n: Zdeněk Brož |
polarization
(encz) | polarization,polarizace n: [opt.] Ritchie |
Axis of polarization
(gcide) | Axis \Ax"is\, n.; pl. Axes. [L. axis axis, axle. See Axle.]
A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body,
on which it revolves, or may be supposed to revolve; a line
passing through a body or system around which the parts are
symmetrically arranged.
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2. (Math.) A straight line with respect to which the
different parts of a magnitude are symmetrically arranged;
as, the axis of a cylinder, i. e., the axis of a cone,
that is, the straight line joining the vertex and the
center of the base; the axis of a circle, any straight
line passing through the center.
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3. (Bot.) The stem; the central part, or longitudinal
support, on which organs or parts are arranged; the
central line of any body. --Gray.
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4. (Anat.)
(a) The second vertebra of the neck, or {vertebra
dentata}.
(b) Also used of the body only of the vertebra, which is
prolonged anteriorly within the foramen of the first
vertebra or atlas, so as to form the odontoid process
or peg which serves as a pivot for the atlas and head
to turn upon.
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5. (Crystallog.) One of several imaginary lines, assumed in
describing the position of the planes by which a crystal
is bounded.
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6. (Fine Arts) The primary or secondary central line of any
design.
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Anticlinal axis (Geol.), a line or ridge from which the
strata slope downward on the two opposite sides.
Synclinal axis, a line from which the strata slope upward
in opposite directions, so as to form a valley.
Axis cylinder (Anat.), the neuraxis or essential, central
substance of a nerve fiber; -- called also axis band,
axial fiber, and cylinder axis.
Axis in peritrochio, the wheel and axle, one of the
mechanical powers.
Axis of a curve (Geom.), a straight line which bisects a
system of parallel chords of a curve; called a {principal
axis}, when cutting them at right angles, in which case it
divides the curve into two symmetrical portions, as in the
parabola, which has one such axis, the ellipse, which has
two, or the circle, which has an infinite number. The two
axes of the ellipse are the major axis and the {minor
axis}, and the two axes of the hyperbola are the
transverse axis and the conjugate axis.
Axis of a lens, the straight line passing through its
center and perpendicular to its surfaces.
Axis of a microscope or Axis of a telescope, the straight
line with which coincide the axes of the several lenses
which compose it.
Axes of co["o]rdinates in a plane, two straight lines
intersecting each other, to which points are referred for
the purpose of determining their relative position: they
are either rectangular or oblique.
Axes of co["o]rdinates in space, the three straight lines
in which the co["o]rdinate planes intersect each other.
Axis of a balance, that line about which it turns.
Axis of oscillation, of a pendulum, a right line passing
through the center about which it vibrates, and
perpendicular to the plane of vibration.
Axis of polarization, the central line around which the
prismatic rings or curves are arranged. --Brewster.
Axis of revolution (Descriptive Geom.), a straight line
about which some line or plane is revolved, so that the
several points of the line or plane shall describe circles
with their centers in the fixed line, and their planes
perpendicular to it, the line describing a surface of
revolution, and the plane a solid of revolution.
Axis of symmetry (Geom.), any line in a plane figure which
divides the figure into two such parts that one part, when
folded over along the axis, shall coincide with the other
part.
Axis of the equator, ecliptic, horizon (or other circle
considered with reference to the sphere on which it lies),
the diameter of the sphere which is perpendicular to the
plane of the circle. --Hutton.
Axis of the Ionic capital (Arch.), a line passing
perpendicularly through the middle of the eye of the
volute.
Neutral axis (Mech.), the line of demarcation between the
horizontal elastic forces of tension and compression,
exerted by the fibers in any cross section of a girder.
Optic axis of a crystal, the direction in which a ray of
transmitted light suffers no double refraction. All
crystals, not of the isometric system, are either uniaxial
or biaxial.
Optic axis, Visual axis (Opt.), the straight line passing
through the center of the pupil, and perpendicular to the
surface of the eye.
Radical axis of two circles (Geom.), the straight line
perpendicular to the line joining their centers and such
that the tangents from any point of it to the two circles
shall be equal to each other.
Spiral axis (Arch.), the axis of a twisted column drawn
spirally in order to trace the circumvolutions without.
Axis of abscissas and Axis of ordinates. See Abscissa.
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Circular polarization
(gcide) | Circular \Cir"cu*lar\, a. [L. circularis, fr. circulus circle:
cf. F. circulaire. See Circle.]
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1. In the form of, or bounded by, a circle; round.
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2. repeating itself; ending in itself; reverting to the point
of beginning; hence, illogical; inconclusive; as, circular
reasoning.
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3. Adhering to a fixed circle of legends; cyclic; hence,
mean; inferior. See Cyclic poets, under Cyclic.
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Had Virgil been a circular poet, and closely adhered
to history, how could the Romans have had Dido?
--Dennis.
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4. Addressed to a circle, or to a number of persons having a
common interest; circulated, or intended for circulation;
as, a circular letter.
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A proclamation of Henry III., . . . doubtless
circular throughout England. --Hallam.
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5. Perfect; complete. [Obs.]
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A man so absolute and circular
In all those wished-for rarities that may take
A virgin captive. --Massinger.
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Circular are, any portion of the circumference of a circle.
Circular cubics (Math.), curves of the third order which
are imagined to pass through the two circular points at
infinity.
Circular functions. (Math.) See under Function.
Circular instruments, mathematical instruments employed for
measuring angles, in which the graduation extends round
the whole circumference of a circle, or 360[deg].
Circular lines, straight lines pertaining to the circle, as
sines, tangents, secants, etc.
Circular note or Circular letter.
(a) (Com.) See under Credit.
(b) (Diplomacy) A letter addressed in identical terms to a
number of persons.
Circular numbers (Arith.), those whose powers terminate in
the same digits as the roots themselves; as 5 and 6, whose
squares are 25 and 36. --Bailey. --Barlow.
Circular points at infinity (Geom.), two imaginary points
at infinite distance through which every circle in the
plane is, in the theory of curves, imagined to pass.
Circular polarization. (Min.) See under Polarization.
Circular sailing or Globular sailing (Naut.), the method
of sailing by the arc of a great circle.
Circular saw. See under Saw.
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Depolarization
(gcide) | Depolarization \De*po`lar*i*za"tion\, n. [Cf. F.
d['e]polarisation.]
The act of depriving of polarity, or the result of such
action; reduction to an unpolarized condition.
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Depolarization of light (Opt.), a change in the plane of
polarization of rays, especially by a crystalline medium,
such that the light which had been extinguished by the
analyzer reappears as if the polarization had been
anulled. The word is inappropriate, as the ray does not
return to the unpolarized condition.
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Depolarization of light
(gcide) | Depolarization \De*po`lar*i*za"tion\, n. [Cf. F.
d['e]polarisation.]
The act of depriving of polarity, or the result of such
action; reduction to an unpolarized condition.
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Depolarization of light (Opt.), a change in the plane of
polarization of rays, especially by a crystalline medium,
such that the light which had been extinguished by the
analyzer reappears as if the polarization had been
anulled. The word is inappropriate, as the ray does not
return to the unpolarized condition.
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Elliptic polarization
(gcide) | Elliptic \El*lip"tic\, Elliptical \El*lip"tic*al\, a. [Gr. ?:
cf. F. elliptique. See Ellipsis.]
1. Of or pertaining to an ellipse; having the form of an
ellipse; oblong, with rounded ends.
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The planets move in elliptic orbits. --Cheyne.
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The billiard sharp who any one catches,
His doom's extremely hard
He's made to dwell
In a dungeon cell
On a spot that's always barred.
And there he plays extravagant matches
In fitless finger-stalls
On a cloth untrue
With a twisted cue
And elliptical billiard balls!
--Gilbert and
Sullivan (The
Mikado: The
More Humane
Mikado Song)
2. Having a part omitted; as, an elliptical phrase.
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3. leaving out information essential to comprehension; so
concise as to be difficult to understand; obscure or
ambiguous; -- of speech or writing; as, an elliptical
comment.
[PJC]
Elliptic chuck. See under Chuck.
Elliptic compasses, an instrument arranged for drawing
ellipses.
Elliptic function. (Math.) See Function.
Elliptic integral. (Math.) See Integral.
Elliptic polarization. See under Polarization.
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Plane of polarization
(gcide) | Plane \Plane\, n. [F. plane, L. plana. See Plane, v. & a.]
1. (Geom.) A surface, real or imaginary, in which, if any two
points are taken, the straight line which joins them lies
wholly in that surface; or a surface, any section of which
by a like surface is a straight line; a surface without
curvature.
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2. (Astron.) An ideal surface, conceived as coinciding with,
or containing, some designated astronomical line, circle,
or other curve; as, the plane of an orbit; the plane of
the ecliptic, or of the equator.
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3. (Mech.) A block or plate having a perfectly flat surface,
used as a standard of flatness; a surface plate.
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4. (Joinery) A tool for smoothing boards or other surfaces of
wood, for forming moldings, etc. It consists of a
smooth-soled stock, usually of wood, from the under side
or face of which projects slightly the steel cutting edge
of a chisel, called the iron, which inclines backward,
with an apperture in front for the escape of shavings; as,
the jack plane; the smoothing plane; the molding plane,
etc.
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Objective plane (Surv.), the horizontal plane upon which
the object which is to be delineated, or whose place is to
be determined, is supposed to stand.
Perspective plane. See Perspective.
Plane at infinity (Geom.), a plane in which points
infinitely distant are conceived as situated.
Plane iron, the cutting chisel of a joiner's plane.
Plane of polarization. (Opt.) See Polarization.
Plane of projection.
(a) The plane on which the projection is made,
corresponding to the perspective plane in perspective;
-- called also principal plane.
(b) (Descriptive Geom.) One of the planes to which points
are referred for the purpose of determining their
relative position in space.
Plane of refraction or Plane of reflection (Opt.), the
plane in which lie both the incident ray and the refracted
or reflected ray.
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depolarization
(wn) | depolarization
n 1: a loss of polarity or polarization [syn: depolarization,
depolarisation] |
polarization
(wn) | polarization
n 1: the phenomenon in which waves of light or other radiation
are restricted in direction of vibration [syn:
polarization, polarisation]
2: the condition of having or giving polarity [syn:
polarization, polarisation] |
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