| slovo | definícia |
blockade
(encz) | blockade,blokáda n: Zdeněk Brož |
Blockade
(gcide) | Blockade \Block*ade"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr. &
vb. n. Blockading.]
1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with
troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing
ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See
note under Blockade, n. "Blockaded the place by sea."
--Gilpin.
[1913 Webster]
2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress.
[1913 Webster]
Till storm and driving ice blockade him there.
--Wordsworth.
[1913 Webster]
3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from.
[1913 Webster]
Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door.
--Pope.
[1913 Webster] |
Blockade
(gcide) | Blockade \Block*ade"\, n. [Cf. It. bloccata. See Block, v. t.
]
1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, with the
purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the reception
of supplies; as, the blockade of the ports of an enemy.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Blockade is now usually applied to an investment with
ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment
by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing
power must be able to apply its force to every point of
practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to
attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port
where its force can not be brought to bear. --Kent.
[1913 Webster]
2. An obstruction to passage.
[1913 Webster]
3. (physiology) interference with transmission of a
physiological signal, or a physiological reaction.
[PJC]
To raise a blockade. See under Raise.
[1913 Webster] |
blockade
(wn) | blockade
n 1: a war measure that isolates some area of importance to the
enemy [syn: blockade, encirclement]
2: prevents access or progress
v 1: hinder or prevent the progress or accomplishment of; "His
brother blocked him at every turn" [syn: obstruct,
blockade, block, hinder, stymie, stymy,
embarrass]
2: render unsuitable for passage; "block the way"; "barricade
the streets"; "stop the busy road" [syn: barricade,
block, blockade, stop, block off, block up, bar]
3: obstruct access to [syn: blockade, block off]
4: impose a blockade on [syn: blockade, seal off] |
BLOCKADE
(bouvier) | BLOCKADE, international law. The actual investment of a port or place by a
hostile force fully competent to cut off all communication therewith, so
arranged or disposed as to be able to apply its force to every point of
practicable access or approach to the port or place so invested.
2. It is proper here to consider, 1. by what authority a blockade can
be established; 2. what force is sufficient to constitute a blockade; 3. the
consequences of a violation of the blockade.
3. - 1. Natural sovereignty confers the right of declaring war, and the
right which nations at war have of destroying or capturing each other's
citizens, subjects or goods, imposes on neutral nations the obligation not
to interfere with the exercise of this right within the rules prescribed by
the law of nations. A declaration of a siege or blockade is an act of
sovereignty, 1 Rob. Rep. 146; but a direct declaration by the sovereign
authority of the besieging belligerent is not always requisite; particularly
when the blockade is on a distant station; for its officers may have power,
either expressly or by implication, to institute such siege or blockade. 6
Rob. R. 367.
4. - 2. To be sufficient, the blockade must be effective, and made
known. By the convention of the Baltic powers of 1780, and again in 1801,
and by the ordinance of congress of 1781, it is required there should be a
number of vessels stationed near enough to the port to make the entry
apparently dangerous. The government of the United States has, uniformly
insisted, that the blockade should be effective by the presence of a
competent force, stationed and present, at or near the entrance of the port.
1 Kent, Com. 145, and the authorities by him cited; and see 1 Rob. R. 80; 4
Rob. R. 66; 1 Acton's R. 64, 5; and Lord Erskine's speech, 8th March, 1808,
on the orders in council, 10 Cobber's Parl. Debates, 949, 950. But "it is
not an accidental absence of the blockading force, nor the circumstance of
being blown off by wind, (if the suspension and the-reason of the suspension
are known,) that will be sufficient in law to remove a blockade." But
negligence or remissness on the part of the cruisers stationed to maintain
the blockade, may excuse persons, under circumstances, for violating the
blockade. 3 Rob. R. 156 .) 1 Acton's R. 59. To involve a neutral in the
consequences of violating a blockade, it is indispensable that he should
have due notice of it: this information may be communicated to him in two
ways; either actually, by a formal notice from the blockading power, or
constructively by notice to his government, or by the notoriety of the fact.
6 Rob. R. 367; 2 Rob. R. 110; Id. 111, note; Id. 128; 1 Acton's R. 6 1.
4. - 3. In considering the consequences of the violation of a blockade,
it is proper to take a view of what will amount to such a violation, and,
then, of its effects. As all criminal acts require an intention to commit
them, the party must intend to violate the blockade, or his acts will be
perfectly innocent; but this intention will be judged of by the
circumstances. This violation may be, either, by going into the place
blockaded, or by coming out of it with a cargo laden after the commencement
of the blockade. Also placing himself so near a blockaded port as to be in a
condition to slip in without observation, is a violation of the blockade,
and raises the presumption of a criminal intent. 6 Rob. R. 30, 101, 182; 7
John. R. 47; 1 Edw. R. 202; 4 Cranch, 185. The sailing for a blockaded port,
knowing it to be blockaded, is, it seems, such an act as may charge the
party with a breach of the blockade. 5 Cranch, 335 9 Cranch, 440, 446; 1
Kent, Com. 150. When the ship has contracted guilt by a breach of the
blockade, she may be taken at any time before the end of her voyage, but the
penalty travels no further than the end of her return voyage. 2 Rob. R. 128;
3 Rob. R. 147. When taken, the ship is confiscated; and the cargo is always,
prima facie, implicated in the guilt of the owner or master of the ship and
the burden of rebutting the presumption that the vessel was going in for the
benefit of the cargo, and with the direction of the owners, rests with them.
1 Rob. R. 67, 130 3 Rob. R. 173 4 Rob. R. 93; 1 Edw. It 39. Vide, generally,
2 Bro. Civ. & Adm. Law, 314 Chit. Com. Law, Index, h. t.; Chit. Law of
Nations, 128 to 147; 1 Kent's Com. 143 to 151; Marsh. Ins. Index, h. t.;
Dane's Ab. Index, h. t.; Mann. Com. B. 3, c. 9.
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
blockade-runner
(encz) | blockade-runner,prolamovač blokády n: osoba nebo loď Petr Prášek |
blockader
(encz) | blockader,kdo provádí blokádu Zdeněk Brož |
military blockade
(encz) | military blockade,vojenská blokáda n: Milan Svoboda |
naval blockade
(encz) | naval blockade, n: |
Blockade
(gcide) | Blockade \Block*ade"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr. &
vb. n. Blockading.]
1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with
troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing
ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See
note under Blockade, n. "Blockaded the place by sea."
--Gilpin.
[1913 Webster]
2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress.
[1913 Webster]
Till storm and driving ice blockade him there.
--Wordsworth.
[1913 Webster]
3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from.
[1913 Webster]
Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door.
--Pope.
[1913 Webster]Blockade \Block*ade"\, n. [Cf. It. bloccata. See Block, v. t.
]
1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, with the
purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the reception
of supplies; as, the blockade of the ports of an enemy.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Blockade is now usually applied to an investment with
ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment
by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing
power must be able to apply its force to every point of
practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to
attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port
where its force can not be brought to bear. --Kent.
[1913 Webster]
2. An obstruction to passage.
[1913 Webster]
3. (physiology) interference with transmission of a
physiological signal, or a physiological reaction.
[PJC]
To raise a blockade. See under Raise.
[1913 Webster] |
Blockaded
(gcide) | Blockade \Block*ade"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr. &
vb. n. Blockading.]
1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with
troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing
ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See
note under Blockade, n. "Blockaded the place by sea."
--Gilpin.
[1913 Webster]
2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress.
[1913 Webster]
Till storm and driving ice blockade him there.
--Wordsworth.
[1913 Webster]
3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from.
[1913 Webster]
Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door.
--Pope.
[1913 Webster]blockaded \blockaded\ adj.
having access obstructed by emplacement of a barrier, or by
threat of force.
Syn: barricaded, barred.
[WordNet 1.5] |
blockaded
(gcide) | Blockade \Block*ade"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Blockaded; p. pr. &
vb. n. Blockading.]
1. To shut up, as a town or fortress, by investing it with
troops or vessels or war for the purpose of preventing
ingress or egress, or the introduction of supplies. See
note under Blockade, n. "Blockaded the place by sea."
--Gilpin.
[1913 Webster]
2. Hence, to shut in so as to prevent egress.
[1913 Webster]
Till storm and driving ice blockade him there.
--Wordsworth.
[1913 Webster]
3. To obstruct entrance to or egress from.
[1913 Webster]
Huge bales of British cloth blockade the door.
--Pope.
[1913 Webster]blockaded \blockaded\ adj.
having access obstructed by emplacement of a barrier, or by
threat of force.
Syn: barricaded, barred.
[WordNet 1.5] |
Blockader
(gcide) | Blockader \Block*ad"er\, n.
1. One who blockades.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Naut.) A vessel employed in blockading.
[1913 Webster] |
Paper blockade
(gcide) | Paper \Pa"per\ (p[=a]"p[~e]r), n. [F. papier, fr. L. papyrus
papyrus, from which the Egyptians made a kind of paper, Gr.
pa`pyros. Cf. Papyrus.]
1. A substance in the form of thin sheets or leaves intended
to be written or printed on, or to be used in wrapping. It
is made of rags, straw, bark, wood, or other fibrous
material, which is first reduced to pulp, then molded,
pressed, and dried.
[1913 Webster]
2. A sheet, leaf, or piece of such substance.
[1913 Webster]
3. A printed or written instrument; a document, essay, or the
like; a writing; as, a paper read before a scientific
society.
[1913 Webster]
They brought a paper to me to be signed. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
4. A printed sheet appearing periodically; a newspaper; a
journal; as, a daily paper.
[1913 Webster]
5. Negotiable evidences of indebtedness; notes; bills of
exchange, and the like; as, the bank holds a large amount
of his paper.
[1913 Webster]
6. Decorated hangings or coverings for walls, made of paper.
See Paper hangings, below.
[1913 Webster]
7. A paper containing (usually) a definite quantity; as, a
paper of pins, tacks, opium, etc.
[1913 Webster]
8. A medicinal preparation spread upon paper, intended for
external application; as, cantharides paper.
[1913 Webster]
9. pl. Documents establishing a person's identity, or status,
or attesting to some right, such as the right to drive a
vehicle; as, the border guard asked for his papers.
[PJC]
Note: Paper is manufactured in sheets, the trade names of
which, together with the regular sizes in inches, are
shown in the following table. But paper makers vary the
size somewhat.
[1913 Webster]
[1913 Webster]
Note: In the manufacture of books, etc., a sheet, of whatever
size originally, is termed, when folded once, a folio;
folded twice, a quarto, or 4to; three times, an octavo,
or 8vo; four times, a sextodecimo, or 16mo; five times,
a 32mo; three times, with an offcut folded twice and
set in, a duodecimo, or 12mo; four times, with an
offcut folded three times and set in, a 24mo.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Paper is often used adjectively or in combination,
having commonly an obvious signification; as, paper
cutter or paper-cutter; paper knife, paper-knife, or
paperknife; paper maker, paper-maker, or papermaker;
paper mill or paper-mill; paper weight, paper-weight,
or paperweight, etc.
[1913 Webster]
Business paper, checks, notes, drafts, etc., given in
payment of actual indebtedness; -- opposed to
accommodation paper.
Fly paper, paper covered with a sticky preparation, -- used
for catching flies.
Laid paper. See under Laid.
Paper birch (Bot.), the canoe birch tree ({Betula
papyracea}).
Paper blockade, an ineffective blockade, as by a weak naval
force.
Paper boat (Naut.), a boat made of water-proof paper.
Paper car wheel (Railroad), a car wheel having a steel
tire, and a center formed of compressed paper held between
two plate-iron disks. --Forney.
Paper credit, credit founded upon evidences of debt, such
as promissory notes, duebills, etc.
Paper hanger, one who covers walls with paper hangings.
Paper hangings, paper printed with colored figures, or
otherwise made ornamental, prepared to be pasted against
the walls of apartments, etc.; wall paper.
Paper house, an audience composed of people who have come
in on free passes. [Cant]
Paper money, notes or bills, usually issued by government
or by a banking corporation, promising payment of money,
and circulated as the representative of coin.
Paper mulberry. (Bot.) See under Mulberry.
Paper muslin, glazed muslin, used for linings, etc.
Paper nautilus. (Zool.) See Argonauta.
Paper reed (Bot.), the papyrus.
Paper sailor. (Zool.) See Argonauta.
Paper stainer, one who colors or stamps wall paper. --De
Colange.
Paper wasp (Zool.), any wasp which makes a nest of
paperlike material, as the yellow jacket.
Paper weight, any object used as a weight to prevent loose
papers from being displaced by wind, or otherwise.
on paper.
(a) in writing; as, I would like to see that on paper.
(b) in theory, though not necessarily in paractice.
(c) in the design state; planned, but not yet put into
practice.
Parchment paper. See Papyrine.
Tissue paper, thin, gauzelike paper, such as is used to
protect engravings in books.
Wall paper. Same as Paper hangings, above.
Waste paper, paper thrown aside as worthless or useless,
except for uses of little account.
Wove paper, a writing paper with a uniform surface, not
ribbed or watermarked.
paper tiger, a person or group that appears to be powerful
and dangerous but is in fact weak and ineffectual.
[1913 Webster] |
To raise a blockade
(gcide) | Raise \Raise\ (r[=a]z), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Raised (r[=a]zd);
p. pr. & vb. n. Raising.] [OE. reisen, Icel. reisa,
causative of r[imac]sa to rise. See Rise, and cf. Rear to
raise.]
[1913 Webster]
1. To cause to rise; to bring from a lower to a higher place;
to lift upward; to elevate; to heave; as, to raise a stone
or weight. Hence, figuratively:
[1913 Webster]
(a) To bring to a higher condition or situation; to
elevate in rank, dignity, and the like; to increase
the value or estimation of; to promote; to exalt; to
advance; to enhance; as, to raise from a low estate;
to raise to office; to raise the price, and the like.
[1913 Webster]
This gentleman came to be raised to great
titles. --Clarendon.
[1913 Webster]
The plate pieces of eight were raised three
pence in the piece. --Sir W.
Temple.
[1913 Webster]
(b) To increase the strength, vigor, or vehemence of; to
excite; to intensify; to invigorate; to heighten; as,
to raise the pulse; to raise the voice; to raise the
spirits or the courage; to raise the heat of a
furnace.
[1913 Webster]
(c) To elevate in degree according to some scale; as, to
raise the pitch of the voice; to raise the temperature
of a room.
[1913 Webster]
2. To cause to rise up, or assume an erect position or
posture; to set up; to make upright; as, to raise a mast
or flagstaff. Hence:
[1913 Webster]
(a) To cause to spring up from a recumbent position, from
a state of quiet, or the like; to awaken; to arouse.
[1913 Webster]
They shall not awake, nor be raised out of their
sleep. --Job xiv. 12.
[1913 Webster]
(b) To rouse to action; to stir up; to incite to tumult,
struggle, or war; to excite.
[1913 Webster]
He commandeth, and raiseth the stormy wind.
--Ps. cvii.
25.
[1913 Webster]
Aeneas . . . employs his pains,
In parts remote, to raise the Tuscan swains.
--Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
(c) To bring up from the lower world; to call up, as a
spirit from the world of spirits; to recall from
death; to give life to.
[1913 Webster]
Why should it be thought a thing incredible with
you, that God should raise the dead ? --Acts
xxvi. 8.
[1913 Webster]
3. To cause to arise, grow up, or come into being or to
appear; to give rise to; to originate, produce, cause,
effect, or the like. Hence, specifically:
[1913 Webster]
(a) To form by the accumulation of materials or
constituent parts; to build up; to erect; as, to raise
a lofty structure, a wall, a heap of stones.
[1913 Webster]
I will raise forts against thee. --Isa. xxix.
3.
[1913 Webster]
(b) To bring together; to collect; to levy; to get
together or obtain for use or service; as, to raise
money, troops, and the like. "To raise up a rent."
--Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
(c) To cause to grow; to procure to be produced, bred, or
propagated; to grow; as, to raise corn, barley, hops,
etc.; toraise cattle. "He raised sheep." "He raised
wheat where none grew before." --Johnson's Dict.
[1913 Webster]
Note: In some parts of the United States, notably in the
Southern States, raise is also commonly applied to the
rearing or bringing up of children.
[1913 Webster]
I was raised, as they say in Virginia, among the
mountains of the North. --Paulding.
[1913 Webster]
(d) To bring into being; to produce; to cause to arise,
come forth, or appear; -- often with up.
[1913 Webster]
I will raise them up a prophet from among their
brethren, like unto thee. --Deut. xviii.
18.
[1913 Webster]
God vouchsafes to raise another world
From him [Noah], and all his anger to forget.
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
(e) To give rise to; to set agoing; to occasion; to start;
to originate; as, to raise a smile or a blush.
[1913 Webster]
Thou shalt not raise a false report. --Ex.
xxiii. 1.
[1913 Webster]
(f) To give vent or utterance to; to utter; to strike up.
[1913 Webster]
Soon as the prince appears, they raise a cry.
--Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
(g) To bring to notice; to submit for consideration; as,
to raise a point of order; to raise an objection.
[1913 Webster]
4. To cause to rise, as by the effect of leaven; to make
light and spongy, as bread.
[1913 Webster]
Miss Liddy can dance a jig, and raise paste.
--Spectator.
[1913 Webster]
5. (Naut.)
(a) To cause (the land or any other object) to seem higher
by drawing nearer to it; as, to raise Sandy Hook
light.
(b) To let go; as in the command, Raise tacks and sheets,
i. e., Let go tacks and sheets.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Law) To create or constitute; as, to raise a use, that
is, to create it. --Burrill.
[1913 Webster]
To raise a blockade (Mil.), to remove or break up a
blockade, either by withdrawing the ships or forces
employed in enforcing it, or by driving them away or
dispersing them.
To raise a check, note, bill of exchange, etc., to
increase fraudulently its nominal value by changing the
writing, figures, or printing in which the sum payable is
specified.
To raise a siege, to relinquish an attempt to take a place
by besieging it, or to cause the attempt to be
relinquished.
To raise steam, to produce steam of a required pressure.
To raise the wind, to procure ready money by some temporary
expedient. [Colloq.]
To raise Cain, or To raise the devil, to cause a great
disturbance; to make great trouble. [Slang]
[1913 Webster]
Syn: To lift; exalt; elevate; erect; originate; cause;
produce; grow; heighten; aggravate; excite.
[1913 Webster]Blockade \Block*ade"\, n. [Cf. It. bloccata. See Block, v. t.
]
1. The shutting up of a place by troops or ships, with the
purpose of preventing ingress or egress, or the reception
of supplies; as, the blockade of the ports of an enemy.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Blockade is now usually applied to an investment with
ships or vessels, while siege is used of an investment
by land forces. To constitute a blockade, the investing
power must be able to apply its force to every point of
practicable access, so as to render it dangerous to
attempt to enter; and there is no blockade of that port
where its force can not be brought to bear. --Kent.
[1913 Webster]
2. An obstruction to passage.
[1913 Webster]
3. (physiology) interference with transmission of a
physiological signal, or a physiological reaction.
[PJC]
To raise a blockade. See under Raise.
[1913 Webster] |
To run a blockade
(gcide) | Run \Run\, v. t.
1. To cause to run (in the various senses of Run, v. i.);
as, to run a horse; to run a stage; to run a machine; to
run a rope through a block.
[1913 Webster]
2. To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation.
[1913 Webster]
To run the world back to its first original.
--South.
[1913 Webster]
I would gladly understand the formation of a soul,
and run it up to its "punctum saliens." --Collier.
[1913 Webster]
3. To cause to enter; to thrust; as, to run a sword into or
through the body; to run a nail into the foot.
[1913 Webster]
You run your head into the lion's mouth. --Sir W.
Scott.
[1913 Webster]
Having run his fingers through his hair. --Dickens.
[1913 Webster]
4. To drive or force; to cause, or permit, to be driven.
[1913 Webster]
They ran the ship aground. --Acts xxvii.
41.
[1913 Webster]
A talkative person runs himself upon great
inconveniences by blabbing out his own or other's
secrets. --Ray.
[1913 Webster]
Others, accustomed to retired speculations, run
natural philosophy into metaphysical notions.
--Locke.
[1913 Webster]
5. To fuse; to shape; to mold; to cast; as, to run bullets,
and the like.
[1913 Webster]
The purest gold must be run and washed. --Felton.
[1913 Webster]
6. To cause to be drawn; to mark out; to indicate; to
determine; as, to run a line.
[1913 Webster]
7. To cause to pass, or evade, offical restrictions; to
smuggle; -- said of contraband or dutiable goods.
[1913 Webster]
Heavy impositions . . . are a strong temptation of
running goods. --Swift.
[1913 Webster]
8. To go through or accomplish by running; as, to run a race;
to run a certain career.
[1913 Webster]
9. To cause to stand as a candidate for office; to support
for office; as, to run some one for Congress. [Colloq.
U.S.]
[1913 Webster]
10. To encounter or incur, as a danger or risk; as, to run
the risk of losing one's life. See To run the chances,
below. "He runneth two dangers." --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
If we don't succeed, we run the risk of failure.
--Dan Quail
.
[PJC]
11. To put at hazard; to venture; to risk.
[1913 Webster]
He would himself be in the Highlands to receive
them, and run his fortune with them. --Clarendon.
[1913 Webster]
12. To discharge; to emit; to give forth copiously; to be
bathed with; as, the pipe or faucet runs hot water.
[1913 Webster]
At the base of Pompey's statua,
Which all the while ran blood, great Caesar fell.
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
13. To be charged with, or to contain much of, while flowing;
as, the rivers ran blood.
[1913 Webster]
14. To conduct; to manage; to carry on; as, to run a factory
or a hotel. [Colloq. U.S.]
[1913 Webster]
15. To tease with sarcasms and ridicule. [Colloq.]
[1913 Webster]
16. To sew, as a seam, by passing the needle through material
in a continuous line, generally taking a series of
stitches on the needle at the same time.
[1913 Webster]
17. To migrate or move in schools; -- said of fish; esp., to
ascend a river in order to spawn.
[1913 Webster]
18. (Golf) To strike (the ball) in such a way as to cause it
to run along the ground, as when approaching a hole.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
To run a blockade, to get to, or away from, a blockaded
port in safety.
To run down.
(a) (Hunting) To chase till the object pursued is
captured or exhausted; as, to run down a stag.
(b) (Naut.) To run against and sink, as a vessel.
(c) To crush; to overthrow; to overbear. "Religion is run
down by the license of these times." --Berkeley.
(d) To disparage; to traduce. --F. W. Newman.
To run hard.
(a) To press in competition; as, to run one hard in a
race.
(b) To urge or press importunately.
(c) To banter severely.
To run into the ground, to carry to an absurd extreme; to
overdo. [Slang, U.S.]
(c) To erect hastily, as a building.
[1913 Webster] |
blockade-runner
(wn) | blockade-runner
n 1: a ship that runs through or around a naval blockade |
blockaded
(wn) | blockaded
adj 1: preventing entry or exit or a course of action; "a
barricaded street"; "barred doors"; "the blockaded
harbor" [syn: barricaded, barred, blockaded] |
military blockade
(wn) | military blockade
n 1: the action of an armed force that surrounds a fortified
place and isolates it while continuing to attack [syn:
siege, besieging, beleaguering, military blockade] |
naval blockade
(wn) | naval blockade
n 1: the interdiction of a nation's lines of communication at
sea by the use of naval power |
BLOCKADE
(bouvier) | BLOCKADE, international law. The actual investment of a port or place by a
hostile force fully competent to cut off all communication therewith, so
arranged or disposed as to be able to apply its force to every point of
practicable access or approach to the port or place so invested.
2. It is proper here to consider, 1. by what authority a blockade can
be established; 2. what force is sufficient to constitute a blockade; 3. the
consequences of a violation of the blockade.
3. - 1. Natural sovereignty confers the right of declaring war, and the
right which nations at war have of destroying or capturing each other's
citizens, subjects or goods, imposes on neutral nations the obligation not
to interfere with the exercise of this right within the rules prescribed by
the law of nations. A declaration of a siege or blockade is an act of
sovereignty, 1 Rob. Rep. 146; but a direct declaration by the sovereign
authority of the besieging belligerent is not always requisite; particularly
when the blockade is on a distant station; for its officers may have power,
either expressly or by implication, to institute such siege or blockade. 6
Rob. R. 367.
4. - 2. To be sufficient, the blockade must be effective, and made
known. By the convention of the Baltic powers of 1780, and again in 1801,
and by the ordinance of congress of 1781, it is required there should be a
number of vessels stationed near enough to the port to make the entry
apparently dangerous. The government of the United States has, uniformly
insisted, that the blockade should be effective by the presence of a
competent force, stationed and present, at or near the entrance of the port.
1 Kent, Com. 145, and the authorities by him cited; and see 1 Rob. R. 80; 4
Rob. R. 66; 1 Acton's R. 64, 5; and Lord Erskine's speech, 8th March, 1808,
on the orders in council, 10 Cobber's Parl. Debates, 949, 950. But "it is
not an accidental absence of the blockading force, nor the circumstance of
being blown off by wind, (if the suspension and the-reason of the suspension
are known,) that will be sufficient in law to remove a blockade." But
negligence or remissness on the part of the cruisers stationed to maintain
the blockade, may excuse persons, under circumstances, for violating the
blockade. 3 Rob. R. 156 .) 1 Acton's R. 59. To involve a neutral in the
consequences of violating a blockade, it is indispensable that he should
have due notice of it: this information may be communicated to him in two
ways; either actually, by a formal notice from the blockading power, or
constructively by notice to his government, or by the notoriety of the fact.
6 Rob. R. 367; 2 Rob. R. 110; Id. 111, note; Id. 128; 1 Acton's R. 6 1.
4. - 3. In considering the consequences of the violation of a blockade,
it is proper to take a view of what will amount to such a violation, and,
then, of its effects. As all criminal acts require an intention to commit
them, the party must intend to violate the blockade, or his acts will be
perfectly innocent; but this intention will be judged of by the
circumstances. This violation may be, either, by going into the place
blockaded, or by coming out of it with a cargo laden after the commencement
of the blockade. Also placing himself so near a blockaded port as to be in a
condition to slip in without observation, is a violation of the blockade,
and raises the presumption of a criminal intent. 6 Rob. R. 30, 101, 182; 7
John. R. 47; 1 Edw. R. 202; 4 Cranch, 185. The sailing for a blockaded port,
knowing it to be blockaded, is, it seems, such an act as may charge the
party with a breach of the blockade. 5 Cranch, 335 9 Cranch, 440, 446; 1
Kent, Com. 150. When the ship has contracted guilt by a breach of the
blockade, she may be taken at any time before the end of her voyage, but the
penalty travels no further than the end of her return voyage. 2 Rob. R. 128;
3 Rob. R. 147. When taken, the ship is confiscated; and the cargo is always,
prima facie, implicated in the guilt of the owner or master of the ship and
the burden of rebutting the presumption that the vessel was going in for the
benefit of the cargo, and with the direction of the owners, rests with them.
1 Rob. R. 67, 130 3 Rob. R. 173 4 Rob. R. 93; 1 Edw. It 39. Vide, generally,
2 Bro. Civ. & Adm. Law, 314 Chit. Com. Law, Index, h. t.; Chit. Law of
Nations, 128 to 147; 1 Kent's Com. 143 to 151; Marsh. Ins. Index, h. t.;
Dane's Ab. Index, h. t.; Mann. Com. B. 3, c. 9.
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