slovodefinícia
election
(mass)		election
- voľby, voľba
election
(encz)		election,volba n: Zdeněk Brož
election
(encz)		election,volby n: Zdeněk Brož
election
(encz)		election,volební Zdeněk Brož
election
(encz)		election,vyvolení Zdeněk Brož
election
(encz)		election,zvolení n: Zdeněk Brož
Election
(gcide)		Election \E*lec"tion\, n. [F. ['e]lection, L. electio, fr.
eligere to choose out. See Elect, a.]
1. The act of choosing; choice; selection.
[1913 Webster]

2. The act of choosing a person to fill an office, or to
membership in a society, as by ballot, uplifted hands, or
viva voce; as, the election of a president or a mayor.
[1913 Webster]

Corruption in elections is the great enemy of
freedom. --J. Adams.
[1913 Webster]

3. Power of choosing; free will; liberty to choose or act.
"By his own election led to ill." --Daniel.
[1913 Webster]

4. Discriminating choice; discernment. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]

To use men with much difference and election is
good. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]

5. (Theol.) Divine choice; predestination of individuals as
objects of mercy and salvation; -- one of the "five
points" of Calvinism.
[1913 Webster]

There is a remnant according to the election of
grace. --Rom. xi. 5.
[1913 Webster]

6. (Law) The choice, made by a party, of two alternatives, by
taking one of which, the chooser is excluded from the
other.
[1913 Webster]

7. Those who are elected. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]

The election hath obtained it. --Rom. xi. 7.
[1913 Webster]

To contest an election. See under Contest.

To make one's election, to choose.
[1913 Webster]

He has made his election to walk, in the main, in
the old paths. --Fitzed.
Hall.
[1913 Webster]
election
(wn)		election
n 1: a vote to select the winner of a position or political
office; "the results of the election will be announced
tonight"
2: the act of selecting someone or something; the exercise of
deliberate choice; "her election of medicine as a profession"
3: the status or fact of being elected; "they celebrated his
election"
4: the predestination of some individuals as objects of divine
mercy (especially as conceived by Calvinists)
ELECTION
(bouvier)		ELECTION. This term, in its most usual acceptation, signifies the choice
which several persons collectively make of a person to fill an office or
place. In another sense, it means the choice which is made by a person
having the right, of selecting one of two alternative contracts or rights.
Elections, then, are of men or things.
2.-1. Of men. These are either public elections, or elections by
companies or corporations.
3.-1. Public elections. These should be free and uninfluenced either
by hope or fear. They are, therefore, generally made by ballot, except those
by persons in their representative capacities, which are viva voce. And to
render this freedom as perfect as possible, electors are generally exempted
from arrest in all cases, except treason, felony, or breach of the peace,
during their attendance on election, and in going to and returning from
them. And provisions are made by law, in several states, to prevent the
interference or appearance of the military on the election ground.
4. One of the cardinal principles on the subject of elections is, that
the person who receives a majority or plurality of votes is the person
elected. Generally a plurality of the votes of the electors present is
sufficient; but in some states a majority of all the votes is required. Each
elector has one vote.
5.-2. Elections by corporations or companies are made by the members,
in such a way its their respective constitutions or charters direct. It is
usual in these cases to vote a greater or lesser number of votes in
proportion as the voter has a greater or less amount of the stock of the
company or corporation, if such corporation or company be a pecuniary
institution. And the members are frequently permitted to vote by proxy. See
7 John. 287; 9 John. 147; 5 Cowen, 426; 7 Cowen, 153; 8 Cowen, 387; 6 Wend.
509; 1 Wend. 98.
6.-2. The election of things. 1. In contracts, when a; debtor is
obliged, in an alternative obligation, to do one of two things, as to pay
one hundred dollars or deliver one hundred bushels of wheat, he has the
choice to do the one or the other, until the time of payment; he has not the
choice, however, to pay a part in each. Poth. Obl. part 2, c. 3, art. 6, No.
247; 11 John. 59. Or, if a man sell or agree to deliver one of two articles,
as a horse or an ox, he has the election till the time of delivery; it being
a rule that "in case an election be given of two several things, always be,
which is the first agent, and which ought to do the first act, shall have
the election." Co. Litt. 145, a; 7 John. 465; 2 Bibb, R. 171. On the failure
of the person who has the right to make his election in proper time, the
right passes to the opposite party. Co. Litt. 145, a; Viner, Abr. Election,
B, C; Poth. Obl. No. 247; Bac. Ab. h.t. B; 1 Desaus. 460; Hopk. R. 337. It
is a maxim of law, that an election once made and pleaded, the party is
concluded, electio semel facta, et placitum testatum, non patitur regressum.
Co. Litt. 146; 11 John. 241.
7.-2. Courts of equity have adopted the principle, that a person shall
not be permitted to claim under any instrument, whether it be a deed or
will, without giving full effect to it, in every respect, so far as such
person is concerned. This doctrine is called into exercise when a testator
gives what does not belong to him, but to some other person, and gives, to
that person some estate of his own; by virtue of which gift a condition is
implied, either that he shall part with his own estate or shall not take the
bounty. 9 Ves. 515; 10 Ves. 609; 13 Ves. 220. In such a case, equity will
not allow the first legatee to, insist upon that by which he would deprive
another legatee under the same will of the benefit to which he would be
entitled, if the first legatee permitted the whole will to operate, and
therefore compels him to make his election between his right independent of
the will, and the benefit under it. This principle of equity does not give
the disappointed legatee the right to detain the thing itself, but gives a
right to compensation out of something else. 2 Rop. Leg. 378, c. 23, s. 1.
In order to impose upon a party, claiming under a will, the obligation of
making an election, the intention of the testator must be expressed, or
clearly implied in the will itself, in two respects; first, to dispose of
that which is not his own; and, secondly, that the person taking the benefit
under the will should, take under the condition of giving effect thereto. 6
Dow. P. C. 179; 13 Ves. 174; 15 Ves. 390; 1 Bro. C. C. 492; 3 Bro. C. C.
255; 3 P. Wms. 315; 1 Ves. jr. 172, 335; S. C. 2 Ves. jr. 367, 371; 3 Ves.
jr. 65; Amb. 433; 3 Bro. P. C. by Toml. 277; 1 B. & Beat. 1; 1 McClel. R.
424, 489, 541. See, generally, on this doctrine, Roper's Legacies, c. 23;
and the learned notes of Mr. Swanston to the case Dillon v. Parker, 1
Swanst. R. 394, 408; Com. Dig. Appendix, tit. Election; 3 Desaus. R. 504; 8
Leigh, R. 389; Jacob, R. 505; 1 Clark & Fin. 303; 1 Sim. R. 105; 13 Price,
R. 607; 1 McClel. R. 439; 1 Y. & C. 66; 2 Story, Eq. Jur. Sec. 1075 to 1135;
Domat, Lois Civ. liv. 4, tit. 2, Sec. 3, art. 3, 4, 5; Poth. Pand. lib. 30,
t. 1, n. 125; Inst. 2, 20, 4; Dig. 30, 1, 89, 7.
8. There are many other cases where a party may be compelled to make an
election, which it does not fall within the plan of this work to consider.
The reader will easily inform himself by examining the works above referred
to.
9.-3. The law frequently gives several forms of action to the injured
party, to enable him to recover his rights. To make a proper election of the
proper remedy is of great importance. To enable the practitioner to make the
best election, Mr. Chitty, in his valuable Treatise on Pleadings, p. 207, et
seq., has very ably examined the subject, and given rules for forming a
correct judgment; as his work is in the hands of every member of the
profession, a reference to it here is all that is deemed necessary to say on
this subject. See also, Hammond on Parties to Actions; Brown's Practical
Treatise on Actions at Law, in the 45th vol. of the Law Library; U. S. Dig.
Actions IV.

podobné slovodefinícia
elections
(mass)		elections
- voľby
selection
(mass)		selection
- selekcia, výber
by election
(encz)		by election,doplňovací volby Zdeněk Brož
by-election
(encz)		by-election,doplňovací volby Zdeněk Brož
early election
(encz)		early election,předčasné volby web
election commission
(encz)		election commission, n:
election day
(encz)		election day, n:
election district
(encz)		election district, n:
election fraud
(encz)		election fraud, n:
electioneer
(encz)		electioneer,agitátor n: Zdeněk Brož
electioneering
(encz)		electioneering, n:
elections
(encz)		elections,volby [polit.] web
general election
(encz)		general election,všeobecné volby Zdeněk Brož
hell bent for election
(encz)		hell bent for election,
natural selection
(encz)		natural selection,přirozená selekce natural selection,přirozený výběr
pre-election
(encz)		pre-election,předběžná volba n: Zdeněk Brožpre-election,předvolební n: Zdeněk Brož
preelection
(encz)		preelection,předběžná volba n: Zdeněk Brožpreelection,předvolební n: Zdeněk Brož
primary election
(encz)		primary election,primární volby Zdeněk Brož
re-election
(encz)		re-election,opětovné zvolení n: Zdeněk Brož
reelection
(encz)		reelection,opětovné zvolení n: Zdeněk Brož
regular election
(encz)		regular election,
reselection
(encz)		reselection,opětovný výběr Zdeněk Brož
right of election
(encz)		right of election, n:
selection
(encz)		selection,selekce n: Zdeněk Brožselection,výběr selection,vybírání n: Zdeněk Brož
selections
(encz)		selections,výběry n: pl. Zdeněk Brož
special election
(encz)		special election,
writ of election
(encz)		writ of election, n:
By-election
(gcide)		By-election \By"-e*lec"tion\, n.
An election held by itself, not at the time of a general
election.
[1913 Webster]
Election
(gcide)		Election \E*lec"tion\, n. [F. ['e]lection, L. electio, fr.
eligere to choose out. See Elect, a.]
1. The act of choosing; choice; selection.
[1913 Webster]

2. The act of choosing a person to fill an office, or to
membership in a society, as by ballot, uplifted hands, or
viva voce; as, the election of a president or a mayor.
[1913 Webster]

Corruption in elections is the great enemy of
freedom. --J. Adams.
[1913 Webster]

3. Power of choosing; free will; liberty to choose or act.
"By his own election led to ill." --Daniel.
[1913 Webster]

4. Discriminating choice; discernment. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]

To use men with much difference and election is
good. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]

5. (Theol.) Divine choice; predestination of individuals as
objects of mercy and salvation; -- one of the "five
points" of Calvinism.
[1913 Webster]

There is a remnant according to the election of
grace. --Rom. xi. 5.
[1913 Webster]

6. (Law) The choice, made by a party, of two alternatives, by
taking one of which, the chooser is excluded from the
other.
[1913 Webster]

7. Those who are elected. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]

The election hath obtained it. --Rom. xi. 7.
[1913 Webster]

To contest an election. See under Contest.

To make one's election, to choose.
[1913 Webster]

He has made his election to walk, in the main, in
the old paths. --Fitzed.
Hall.
[1913 Webster]
Electioneer
(gcide)		Electioneer \E*lec`tion*eer"\, v. i. [imp. & p. p.
Electionered; p. pr. & vb. n. Electioneering.]
To make interest for a candidate at an election; to use arts
for securing the election of a candidate.
[1913 Webster]

A master of the whole art of electioneering.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Electioneerer
(gcide)		Electioneerer \E*lec`tion*eer"er\, n.
One who electioneers.
[1913 Webster]
Electioneering
(gcide)		Electioneer \E*lec`tion*eer"\, v. i. [imp. & p. p.
Electionered; p. pr. & vb. n. Electioneering.]
To make interest for a candidate at an election; to use arts
for securing the election of a candidate.
[1913 Webster]

A master of the whole art of electioneering.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Electionered
(gcide)		Electioneer \E*lec`tion*eer"\, v. i. [imp. & p. p.
Electionered; p. pr. & vb. n. Electioneering.]
To make interest for a candidate at an election; to use arts
for securing the election of a candidate.
[1913 Webster]

A master of the whole art of electioneering.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
Natural selection
(gcide)		Selection \Se*lec"tion\, n. [L. selectio: cf. F. s['e]lection.]
.
The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice,
by preference.
[1913 Webster]

2. That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as,
a choice selection of books.
[1913 Webster]

Natural selection. (Biol.) See under Natural.
[1913 Webster]Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr.
L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.]
1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the
constitution of a thing; belonging to native character;
according to nature; essential; characteristic; innate;
not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as,
the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural
motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or
disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.
[1913 Webster]

With strong natural sense, and rare force of will.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]

2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature;
consonant to the methods of nature; according to the
stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws
which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or
violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural
consequence of crime; a natural death; anger is a natural
response to insult.
[1913 Webster]

What can be more natural than the circumstances in
the behavior of those women who had lost their
husbands on this fatal day? --Addison.
[1913 Webster]

3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with,
or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and
mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or
experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural
science; history, theology.
[1913 Webster]

I call that natural religion which men might know .
. . by the mere principles of reason, improved by
consideration and experience, without the help of
revelation. --Bp. Wilkins.
[1913 Webster]

4. Conformed to truth or reality; as:
(a) Springing from true sentiment; not artificial or
exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a
natural gesture, tone, etc.
(b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature;
according to the life; -- said of anything copied or
imitated; as, a portrait is natural.
[1913 Webster]

5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to
one's position; not unnatural in feelings.
[1913 Webster]

To leave his wife, to leave his babes, . . .
He wants the natural touch. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]

6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. especially,
Related by birth rather than by adoption; as, one's
natural mother. "Natural friends." --J. H. Newman.
[1913 Webster +PJC]

7. Hence: Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of
wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.
[1913 Webster]

8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as
contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which
is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate.
[1913 Webster]

The natural man receiveth not the things of the
Spirit of God. --1 Cor. ii.
14.
[1913 Webster]

9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some
system, in which the base is 1; -- said of certain
functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those
commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken
in arcs whose radii are 1.
[1913 Webster]

10. (Mus.)
(a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human
throat, in distinction from instrumental music.
(b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat
nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major.
(c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which
moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but
little from the original key.
(d) Neither flat nor sharp; -- of a tone.
(e) Changed to the pitch which is neither flat nor sharp,
by appending the sign [natural]; as, A natural.
--Moore (Encyc. of Music).
[1913 Webster +PJC]

11. Existing in nature or created by the forces of nature, in
contrast to production by man; not made, manufactured, or
processed by humans; as, a natural ruby; a natural
bridge; natural fibers; a deposit of natural calcium
sulfate. Opposed to artificial, man-made,
manufactured, processed and synthetic. [WordNet
sense 2]
[PJC]

12. Hence: Not processed or refined; in the same statre as
that existing in nature; as, natural wood; natural foods.
[PJC]

Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]

Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas.
etc.

Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common
chord.

Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or
description of nature as a whole, including the sciences
of botany, Zoology, geology, mineralogy,
paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent
usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of
botany and Zoology collectively, and sometimes to the
science of zoology alone.

Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right
and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished
from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated
human law.

Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its
relative keys.

Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order.

Natural person. (Law) See under person, n.

Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in
general; the natural sciences; in modern usage, that
branch of physical science, commonly called physics,
which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and
considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by
any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with
mental philosophy and moral philosophy.

Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without
flats or sharps.

Note: Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to
mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales
represented by the use of flats and sharps) being
equally natural with the so-called natural scale.

Natural science, the study of objects and phenomena
existing in nature, especially biology, chemistry, physics
and their interdisciplinary related sciences; {natural
history}, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in
contradistinction to social science, mathematics,
philosophy, mental science or moral science.

Natural selection (Biol.), the operation of natural laws
analogous, in their operation and results, to designed
selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in
the survival of the fittest; the elimination over time of
species unable to compete in specific environments with
other species more adapted to survival; -- the essential
mechanism of evolution. The principle of natural selection
is neutral with respect to the mechanism by which
inheritable changes occur in organisms (most commonly
thought to be due to mutation of genes and reorganization
of genomes), but proposes that those forms which have
become so modified as to be better adapted to the existing
environment have tended to survive and leave similarly
adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted
have tended to die out through lack of fitness for the
environment, thus resulting in the survival of the
fittest. See Darwinism.

Natural system (Bot. & Zool.), a classification based upon
real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of
the organisms, and by their embryology.

It should be borne in mind that the natural system
of botany is natural only in the constitution of its
genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand
divisions. --Gray.


Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of
theological science which treats of those evidences of the
existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are
exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from {revealed
religion}. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3.

Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir,
her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest
open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel,
under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17.
[1913 Webster +PJC]

Syn: See Native.
[1913 Webster]
Nonelection
(gcide)		Nonelection \Non`e*lec"tion\, n.
Failure of election.
[1913 Webster] Nonelectric
Preelection
(gcide)		Preelection \Pre`["e]*lec"tion\, n.
Election beforehand.
[1913 Webster]
Prelection
(gcide)		Prelection \Pre*lec"tion\, n. [L. praelectio.]
A lecture or discourse read in public or to a select company.
"The prelections of Faber." --Sir M. Hale.
[1913 Webster]
Reelection
(gcide)		Reelection \Re`e*lec"tion\ (-l?k"sh?n), n.
Election a second time, or anew; as, the reelection of a
former chief.
[1913 Webster]
runoff election
(gcide)		Ballotage \Bal"lot*age\, n. [F. ballottage.]
In France, a second ballot taken after an indecisive first
ballot to decide between two or several candidates; a {runoff
election}.
[Webster 1913 Suppl. +PJC]
Selection
(gcide)		Selection \Se*lec"tion\, n. [L. selectio: cf. F. s['e]lection.]
.
The act of selecting, or the state of being selected; choice,
by preference.
[1913 Webster]

2. That which is selected; a collection of things chosen; as,
a choice selection of books.
[1913 Webster]

Natural selection. (Biol.) See under Natural.
[1913 Webster]
Sexual selection
(gcide)		Sexual \Sex"u*al\, a. [L. sexualis, fr. sexus sex: cf. F.
sexuel.]
Of or pertaining to sex, or the sexes; distinguishing sex;
peculiar to the distinction and office of male or female;
relating to the distinctive genital organs of the sexes;
proceeding from, or based upon, sex; as, sexual
characteristics; sexual intercourse, connection, or commerce;
sexual desire; sexual diseases; sexual generation.
[1913 Webster]

Sexual dimorphism (Biol.), the condition of having one of
the sexes existing in two forms, or varieties, differing
in color, size, etc., as in many species of butterflies
which have two kinds of females.

Sexual method (Bot.), a method of classification proposed
by Linnaeus, founded mainly on difference in number and
position of the stamens and pistils of plants.

Sexual selection (Biol.), the selective preference of one
sex for certain characteristics in the other, such as
bright colors, musical notes, etc.; also, the selection
which results from certain individuals of one sex having
more opportunities of pairing with the other sex, on
account of greater activity, strength, courage, etc.;
applied likewise to that kind of evolution which results
from such sexual preferences. --Darwin.
[1913 Webster]

In these cases, therefore, natural selection seems
to have acted independently of sexual selection.
--A. R.
Wallace.
[1913 Webster]
To contest an election
(gcide)		Contest \Con*test"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Contested; p. pr. &
vb. n. Contesting.] [F. contester, fr. L. contestari to
call to witness, contestari litem to introduce a lawsuit by
calling witnesses, to bring an action; con- + testari to be a
witness, testic witness. See Testify.]
1. To make a subject of dispute, contention, litigation, or
emulation; to contend for; to call in question; to
controvert; to oppose; to dispute.
[1913 Webster]

The people . . . contested not what was done.
--Locke.
[1913 Webster]

Few philosophical aphorisms have been more frequenty
repeated, few more contested than this. --J. D.
Morell.
[1913 Webster]

2. To strive earnestly to hold or maintain; to struggle to
defend; as, the troops contested every inch of ground.
[1913 Webster]

3. (Law) To make a subject of litigation; to defend, as a
suit; to dispute or resist; as a claim, by course of law;
to controvert.
[1913 Webster]

To contest an election. (Polit.)
(a) To strive to be elected.
(b) To dispute the declared result of an election.

Syn: To dispute; controvert; debate; litigate; oppose; argue;
contend.
[1913 Webster]Election \E*lec"tion\, n. [F. ['e]lection, L. electio, fr.
eligere to choose out. See Elect, a.]
1. The act of choosing; choice; selection.
[1913 Webster]

2. The act of choosing a person to fill an office, or to
membership in a society, as by ballot, uplifted hands, or
viva voce; as, the election of a president or a mayor.
[1913 Webster]

Corruption in elections is the great enemy of
freedom. --J. Adams.
[1913 Webster]

3. Power of choosing; free will; liberty to choose or act.
"By his own election led to ill." --Daniel.
[1913 Webster]

4. Discriminating choice; discernment. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]

To use men with much difference and election is
good. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]

5. (Theol.) Divine choice; predestination of individuals as
objects of mercy and salvation; -- one of the "five
points" of Calvinism.
[1913 Webster]

There is a remnant according to the election of
grace. --Rom. xi. 5.
[1913 Webster]

6. (Law) The choice, made by a party, of two alternatives, by
taking one of which, the chooser is excluded from the
other.
[1913 Webster]

7. Those who are elected. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]

The election hath obtained it. --Rom. xi. 7.
[1913 Webster]

To contest an election. See under Contest.

To make one's election, to choose.
[1913 Webster]

He has made his election to walk, in the main, in
the old paths. --Fitzed.
Hall.
[1913 Webster]