| slovo | definícia |
artificial
(mass) | artificial
- umelý |
artificial
(encz) | artificial,falešný |
artificial
(encz) | artificial,náhradní |
artificial
(encz) | artificial,strojený |
artificial
(encz) | artificial,syntetický adj: Zdeněk Brož |
artificial
(encz) | artificial,umělý |
artificial
(encz) | artificial,vyumělkovaný |
Artificial
(gcide) | Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster] |
artificial
(wn) | artificial
adj 1: contrived by art rather than nature; "artificial
flowers"; "artificial flavoring"; "an artificial
diamond"; "artificial fibers"; "artificial sweeteners"
[syn: artificial, unreal] [ant: natural]
2: artificially formal; "that artificial humility that her
husband hated"; "contrived coyness"; "a stilted letter of
acknowledgment"; "when people try to correct their speech
they develop a stilted pronunciation" [syn: artificial,
contrived, hokey, stilted]
3: not arising from natural growth or characterized by vital
processes |
ARTIFICIAL
(bouvier) | ARTIFICIAL. What is the result of, or relates to, the arts; opposed to
natural; thus we say a corporation is an artificial person, in opposition to
a natural person. Artificial accession is the uniting one property to
another by art, opposed to a simple natural union. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 503.
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
artificial insemination
(msas) | artificial insemination
- AI |
artificial intelligence
(msas) | artificial intelligence
- AI |
artificial insemination
(msasasci) | artificial insemination
- AI |
artificial intelligence
(msasasci) | artificial intelligence
- AI |
artificial element
(encz) | artificial element,umělý prvek |
artificial fat
(encz) | artificial fat,umělý tuk |
artificial fibre
(encz) | artificial fibre,umělé vlákno |
artificial focus of epizooty
(encz) | artificial focus of epizooty,umělé ohnisko epizoocie [eko.] RNDr. Pavel
Piskač |
artificial gravity
(encz) | artificial gravity,umělá gravitace |
artificial humidification
(encz) | artificial humidification,skrápění |
artificial infection explosion
(encz) | artificial infection explosion,umělé vzplanutí nákaz [eko.] RNDr. Pavel
Piskač |
artificial insemination
(encz) | artificial insemination,umělá inseminace "oplodnění" artificial insemination,umělé oplodnění n: |
artificial intelligence
(encz) | artificial intelligence,umělá inteligence |
artificial language
(encz) | artificial language,umělý jazyk n: Jan Gregor |
artificial process
(encz) | artificial process,umělý proces [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
artificial respiration
(encz) | artificial respiration,umělé dýchání |
artificial surface water infiltration
(encz) | artificial surface water infiltration,umělá infiltrace povrchové
vody [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
artificiality
(encz) | artificiality,umělost n: Zdeněk Brož |
artificially
(encz) | artificially,nepřirozeně adv: Zdeněk Brožartificially,uměle adv: Zdeněk Brož |
radioactive waste containing artificial radionuclides
(encz) | radioactive waste containing artificial radionuclides,radioaktivní odpad
s umělými radionuklidy [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
Artificial
(gcide) | Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial arguments
(gcide) | Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial classification
(gcide) | Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster]Classification \Clas`si*fi*ca"tion\, n. [Cf. F. classification.]
The act of forming into a class or classes; a distribution
into groups, as classes, orders, families, etc., according to
some common relations or affinities.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial classification. (Science) See under
Artifitial.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial fuel
(gcide) | Fuel \Fu"el\, n. [OF. fouail, fuail, or fouaille, fuaille, LL.
focalium, focale, fr. L. focus hearth, fireplace, in LL.,
fire. See Focus.] [Formerly written also fewel.]
1. Any matter used to produce heat by burning; that which
feeds fire; combustible matter used for fires, as wood,
coal, peat, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. Anything that serves to feed or increase passion or
excitement.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial fuel, fuel consisting of small particles, as
coal dust, sawdust, etc., consolidated into lumps or
blocks.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial gem
(gcide) | Gem \Gem\, n. [OE. gemme precious stone, F. gemme, fr. L. gemma
a precious stone, bud.]
1. (Bot.) A bud.
[1913 Webster]
From the joints of thy prolific stem
A swelling knot is raised called a gem. --Denham.
[1913 Webster]
2. A precious stone of any kind, as the ruby, emerald, topaz,
sapphire, beryl, spinel, etc., especially when cut and
polished for ornament; a jewel. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
3. Anything of small size, or expressed within brief limits,
which is regarded as a gem on account of its beauty or
value, as a small picture, a verse of poetry, a witty or
wise saying.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial gem, an imitation of a gem, made of glass
colored with metallic oxide. Cf. Paste, and Strass.
[1913 Webster] |
artificial globe
(gcide) | Globe \Globe\ (gl[=o]b), n. [L. globus, perh. akin to L. glomus
a ball of yarn, and E. clump, golf: cf. F. globe.]
1. A round or spherical body, solid or hollow; a body whose
surface is in every part equidistant from the center; a
ball; a sphere.
[1913 Webster]
2. Anything which is nearly spherical or globular in shape;
as, the globe of the eye; the globe of a lamp.
[1913 Webster]
3. The earth; the terraqueous ball; -- usually preceded by
the definite article. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
4. A round model of the world; a spherical representation of
the earth or heavens; as, a terrestrial or celestial
globe; -- called also artificial globe.
[1913 Webster]
5. A body of troops, or of men or animals, drawn up in a
circle; -- a military formation used by the Romans,
answering to the modern infantry square.
[1913 Webster]
Him round
A globe of fiery seraphim inclosed. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
Globe amaranth (Bot.), a plant of the genus Gomphrena
(G. globosa), bearing round heads of variously colored
flowers, which long retain color when gathered.
Globe animalcule, a small, globular, locomotive organism
(Volvox globator), once throught to be an animal,
afterward supposed to be a colony of microscopic alg[ae].
Globe of compression (Mil.), a kind of mine producing a
wide crater; -- called also overcharged mine.
Globe daisy (Bot.), a plant or flower of the genus
Globularing, common in Europe. The flowers are minute
and form globular heads.
Globe sight, a form of front sight placed on target rifles.
Globe slater (Zool.), an isopod crustacean of the genus
Spheroma.
Globe thistle (Bot.), a thistlelike plant with the flowers
in large globular heads (Cynara Scolymus); also, certain
species of the related genus Echinops.
Globe valve.
(a) A ball valve.
(b) A valve inclosed in a globular chamber. --Knight.
[1913 Webster]
Syn: Globe, Sphere, Orb, Ball.
Usage: Globe denotes a round, and usually a solid body;
sphere is the term applied in astronomy to such a
body, or to the concentric spheres or orbs of the old
astronomers; orb is used, especially in poetry, for
globe or sphere, and also for the pathway of a
heavenly body; ball is applied to the heavenly bodies
concieved of as impelled through space.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial horizon
(gcide) | Horizon \Ho*ri"zon\, n. [F., fr. L. horizon, fr. Gr. ? (sc. ?)
the bounding line, horizon, fr. ? to bound, fr. ? boundary,
limit.]
1. The line which bounds that part of the earth's surface
visible to a spectator from a given point; the apparent
junction of the earth and sky.
[1913 Webster]
And when the morning sun shall raise his car
Above the border of this horizon. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
All the horizon round
Invested with bright rays. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Astron.)
(a) A plane passing through the eye of the spectator and
at right angles to the vertical at a given place; a
plane tangent to the earth's surface at that place;
called distinctively the sensible horizon.
(b) A plane parallel to the sensible horizon of a place,
and passing through the earth's center; -- called also
rational horizon or celestial horizon.
(c) (Naut.) The unbroken line separating sky and water, as
seen by an eye at a given elevation, no land being
visible.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Geol.) The epoch or time during which a deposit was made.
[1913 Webster]
The strata all over the earth, which were formed at
the same time, are said to belong to the same
geological horizon. --Le Conte.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Painting) The chief horizontal line in a picture of any
sort, which determines in the picture the height of the
eye of the spectator; in an extended landscape, the
representation of the natural horizon corresponds with
this line.
[1913 Webster]
5. The limit of a person's range of perception, capabilities,
or experience; as, children raised in the inner city have
limited horizons.
[PJC]
6. [fig.] A boundary point or line, or a time point, beyond
which new knowledge or experiences may be found; as, more
powerful computers are just over the horizon.
[PJC]
Apparent horizon. See under Apparent.
Artificial horizon, a level mirror, as the surface of
mercury in a shallow vessel, or a plane reflector adjusted
to the true level artificially; -- used chiefly with the
sextant for observing the double altitude of a celestial
body.
Celestial horizon. (Astron.) See def. 2, above.
Dip of the horizon (Astron.), the vertical angle between
the sensible horizon and a line to the visible horizon,
the latter always being below the former.
Rational horizon, and Sensible horizon. (Astron.) See
def. 2, above.
Visible horizon. See definitions 1 and 2, above.
[1913 Webster]Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial light
(gcide) | Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial lines
(gcide) | Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster] |
artificial magnet
(gcide) | Magnet \Mag"net\ (m[a^]g"n[e^]t), n. [OE. magnete, OF. magnete,
L. magnes, -etis, Gr. Magnh^tis li`qos a magnet, metal that
looked like silver, prop., Magnesian stone, fr. Gr.
Magnhsi`a, a country in Thessaly. Cf. Magnesia,
Manganese.]
1. The loadstone; a species of iron ore (the ferrosoferric or
magnetic ore, Fe3O4) which has the property of
attracting iron and some of its ores, and, when freely
suspended, of pointing to the poles; -- called also
natural magnet.
[1913 Webster]
Dinocrates began to make the arched roof of the
temple of Arsino["e] all of magnet, or this
loadstone. --Holland.
[1913 Webster]
Two magnets, heaven and earth, allure to bliss,
The larger loadstone that, the nearer this.
--Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Physics) A bar or mass of steel or iron to which the
peculiar properties of the loadstone have been imparted;
-- called, in distinction from the loadstone, an
artificial magnet.
[1913 Webster]
Note: An artificial magnet, produced by the action of an
electrical current, is called an electro-magnet.
[1913 Webster]
Field magnet (Physics & Elec.), a magnet used for producing
and maintaining a magnetic field; -- used especially of
the stationary or exciting magnet of a dynamo or
electromotor in distinction from that of the moving
portion or armature.
[1913 Webster] Magnetic |
Artificial numbers
(gcide) | Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial order
(gcide) | Order \Or"der\, n. [OE. ordre, F. ordre, fr. L. ordo, ordinis.
Cf. Ordain, Ordinal.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Regular arrangement; any methodical or established
succession or harmonious relation; method; system; as:
(a) Of material things, like the books in a library.
(b) Of intellectual notions or ideas, like the topics of a
discource.
(c) Of periods of time or occurrences, and the like.
[1913 Webster]
The side chambers were . . . thirty in order.
--Ezek. xli.
6.
[1913 Webster]
Bright-harnessed angels sit in order
serviceable. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
Good order is the foundation of all good things.
--Burke.
[1913 Webster]
2. Right arrangement; a normal, correct, or fit condition;
as, the house is in order; the machinery is out of order.
--Locke.
[1913 Webster]
3. The customary mode of procedure; established system, as in
the conduct of debates or the transaction of business;
usage; custom; fashion. --Dantiel.
[1913 Webster]
And, pregnant with his grander thought,
Brought the old order into doubt. --Emerson.
[1913 Webster]
4. Conformity with law or decorum; freedom from disturbance;
general tranquillity; public quiet; as, to preserve order
in a community or an assembly.
[1913 Webster]
5. That which prescribes a method of procedure; a rule or
regulation made by competent authority; as, the rules and
orders of the senate.
[1913 Webster]
The church hath authority to establish that for an
order at one time which at another time it may
abolish. --Hooker.
[1913 Webster]
6. A command; a mandate; a precept; a direction.
[1913 Webster]
Upon this new fright, an order was made by both
houses for disarming all the papists in England.
--Clarendon.
[1913 Webster]
7. Hence: A commission to purchase, sell, or supply goods; a
direction, in writing, to pay money, to furnish supplies,
to admit to a building, a place of entertainment, or the
like; as, orders for blankets are large.
[1913 Webster]
In those days were pit orders -- beshrew the
uncomfortable manager who abolished them. --Lamb.
[1913 Webster]
8. A number of things or persons arranged in a fixed or
suitable place, or relative position; a rank; a row; a
grade; especially, a rank or class in society; a group or
division of men in the same social or other position;
also, a distinct character, kind, or sort; as, the higher
or lower orders of society; talent of a high order.
[1913 Webster]
They are in equal order to their several ends.
--Jer. Taylor.
[1913 Webster]
Various orders various ensigns bear. --Granville.
[1913 Webster]
Which, to his order of mind, must have seemed little
short of crime. --Hawthorne.
[1913 Webster]
9. A body of persons having some common honorary distinction
or rule of obligation; esp., a body of religious persons
or aggregate of convents living under a common rule; as,
the Order of the Bath; the Franciscan order.
[1913 Webster]
Find a barefoot brother out,
One of our order, to associate me. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
The venerable order of the Knights Templars. --Sir
W. Scott.
[1913 Webster]
10. An ecclesiastical grade or rank, as of deacon, priest, or
bishop; the office of the Christian ministry; -- often
used in the plural; as, to take orders, or to take holy
orders, that is, to enter some grade of the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
11. (Arch.) The disposition of a column and its component
parts, and of the entablature resting upon it, in
classical architecture; hence (as the column and
entablature are the characteristic features of classical
architecture) a style or manner of architectural
designing.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The Greeks used three different orders, easy to
distinguish, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Romans
added the Tuscan, and changed the Doric so that it is
hardly recognizable, and also used a modified
Corinthian called Composite. The Renaissance writers on
architecture recognized five orders as orthodox or
classical, -- Doric (the Roman sort), Ionic, Tuscan,
Corinthian, and Composite. See Illust. of Capital.
[1913 Webster]
12. (Nat. Hist.) An assemblage of genera having certain
important characters in common; as, the Carnivora and
Insectivora are orders of Mammalia.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The Linnaean artificial orders of plants rested mainly
on identity in the numer of pistils, or agreement in
some one character. Natural orders are groups of genera
agreeing in the fundamental plan of their flowers and
fruit. A natural order is usually (in botany)
equivalent to a family, and may include several tribes.
[1913 Webster]
13. (Rhet.) The placing of words and members in a sentence in
such a manner as to contribute to force and beauty or
clearness of expression.
[1913 Webster]
14. (Math.) Rank; degree; thus, the order of a curve or
surface is the same as the degree of its equation.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial order or Artificial system. See {Artificial
classification}, under Artificial, and Note to def. 12
above.
Close order (Mil.), the arrangement of the ranks with a
distance of about half a pace between them; with a
distance of about three yards the ranks are in {open
order}.
The four Orders, The Orders four, the four orders of
mendicant friars. See Friar. --Chaucer.
General orders (Mil.), orders issued which concern the
whole command, or the troops generally, in distinction
from special orders.
Holy orders.
(a) (Eccl.) The different grades of the Christian
ministry; ordination to the ministry. See def. 10
above.
(b) (R. C. Ch.) A sacrament for the purpose of conferring
a special grace on those ordained.
In order to, for the purpose of; to the end; as means to.
The best knowledge is that which is of greatest use
in order to our eternal happiness. --Tillotson.
Minor orders (R. C. Ch.), orders beneath the diaconate in
sacramental dignity, as acolyte, exorcist, reader,
doorkeeper.
Money order. See under Money.
Natural order. (Bot.) See def. 12, Note.
Order book.
(a) A merchant's book in which orders are entered.
(b) (Mil.) A book kept at headquarters, in which all
orders are recorded for the information of officers
and men.
(c) A book in the House of Commons in which proposed
orders must be entered. [Eng.]
Order in Council, a royal order issued with and by the
advice of the Privy Council. [Great Britain]
Order of battle (Mil.), the particular disposition given to
the troops of an army on the field of battle.
Order of the day, in legislative bodies, the special
business appointed for a specified day.
Order of a differential equation (Math.), the greatest
index of differentiation in the equation.
Sailing orders (Naut.), the final instructions given to the
commander of a ship of war before a cruise.
Sealed orders, orders sealed, and not to be opened until a
certain time, or arrival at a certain place, as after a
ship is at sea.
Standing order.
(a) A continuing regulation for the conduct of
parliamentary business.
(b) (Mil.) An order not subject to change by an officer
temporarily in command.
To give order, to give command or directions. --Shak.
To take order for, to take charge of; to make arrangements
concerning.
[1913 Webster]
Whiles I take order for mine own affairs. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
Syn: Arrangement; management. See Direction.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial person
(gcide) | Person \Per"son\ (p[~e]r"s'n; 277), n. [OE. persone, persoun,
person, parson, OF. persone, F. personne, L. persona a mask
(used by actors), a personage, part, a person, fr. personare
to sound through; per + sonare to sound. See Per-, and cf.
Parson.]
1. A character or part, as in a play; a specific kind or
manifestation of individual character, whether in real
life, or in literary or dramatic representation; an
assumed character. [Archaic]
[1913 Webster]
His first appearance upon the stage in his new
person of a sycophant or juggler. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
No man can long put on a person and act a part.
--Jer. Taylor.
[1913 Webster]
To bear rule, which was thy part
And person, hadst thou known thyself aright.
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
How different is the same man from himself, as he
sustains the person of a magistrate and that of a
friend! --South.
[1913 Webster]
2. The bodily form of a human being; body; outward
appearance; as, of comely person.
[1913 Webster]
A fair persone, and strong, and young of age.
--Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
If it assume my noble father's person. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
Love, sweetness, goodness, in her person shined.
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
3. A living, self-conscious being, as distinct from an animal
or a thing; a moral agent; a human being; a man, woman, or
child.
[1913 Webster]
Consider what person stands for; which, I think, is
a thinking, intelligent being, that has reason and
reflection. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
4. A human being spoken of indefinitely; one; a man; as, any
person present.
[1913 Webster]
5. A parson; the parish priest. [Obs.] --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Theol.) Among Trinitarians, one of the three subdivisions
of the Godhead (the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost);
an hypostasis. "Three persons and one God." --Bk. of Com.
Prayer.
[1913 Webster]
7. (Gram.) One of three relations or conditions (that of
speaking, that of being spoken to, and that of being
spoken of) pertaining to a noun or a pronoun, and thence
also to the verb of which it may be the subject.
[1913 Webster]
Note: A noun or pronoun, when representing the speaker, is
said to be in the first person; when representing what
is spoken to, in the second person; when representing
what is spoken of, in the third person.
[1913 Webster]
8. (Biol.) A shoot or bud of a plant; a polyp or zooid of the
compound Hydrozoa, Anthozoa, etc.; also, an individual, in
the narrowest sense, among the higher animals. --Haeckel.
[1913 Webster]
True corms, composed of united person[ae] . . .
usually arise by gemmation, . . . yet in sponges and
corals occasionally by fusion of several originally
distinct persons. --Encyc. Brit.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial person, or Fictitious person (Law), a
corporation or body politic; -- this term is used in
contrast with natural person, a real human being. See
also legal person. --Blackstone.
Legal person (Law), an individual or group that is allowed
by law to take legal action, as plaintiff or defendent. It
may include natural persons as well as fictitious persons
(such as corporations).
Natural person (Law), a man, woman, or child, in
distinction from a corporation.
In person, by one's self; with bodily presence, rather than
by remote communication; not by representative. "The king
himself in person is set forth." --Shak.
In the person of, in the place of; acting for. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial sines
(gcide) | Sine \Sine\, n. [LL. sinus a sine, L. sinus bosom, used in
translating the Ar. jaib, properly, bosom, but probably read
by mistake (the consonants being the same) for an original
j[imac]ba sine, from Skr. j[imac]va bowstring, chord of an
arc, sine.] (Trig.)
(a) The length of a perpendicular drawn from one extremity
of an arc of a circle to the diameter drawn through
the other extremity.
(b) The perpendicular itself. See Sine of angle, below.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial sines, logarithms of the natural sines, or
logarithmic sines.
Curve of sines. See Sinusoid.
Natural sines, the decimals expressing the values of the
sines, the radius being unity.
Sine of an angle, in a circle whose radius is unity, the
sine of the arc that measures the angle; in a right-angled
triangle, the side opposite the given angle divided by the
hypotenuse. See Trigonometrical function, under
Function.
Versed sine, that part of the diameter between the sine and
the arc.
[1913 Webster]Artificial \Ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium:
cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.]
1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human
skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial
heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial strife
Lives in these touches, livelier than life. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine.
"Artificial tears." --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as,
artificial grasses. --Gibbon.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the
speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the
like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs.
--Johnson.
Artificial classification (Science), an arrangement based
on superficial characters, and not expressing the true
natural relations species; as, "the artificial system" in
botany, which is the same as the Linn[ae]an system.
Artificial horizon. See under Horizon.
Artificial light, any light other than that which proceeds
from the heavenly bodies.
Artificial lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived
as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which,
by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable
exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc.
Artificial numbers, logarithms.
Artificial person (Law). See under Person.
Artificial sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms
of the natural sines, tangents, etc. --Hutton.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial system
(gcide) | Order \Or"der\, n. [OE. ordre, F. ordre, fr. L. ordo, ordinis.
Cf. Ordain, Ordinal.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Regular arrangement; any methodical or established
succession or harmonious relation; method; system; as:
(a) Of material things, like the books in a library.
(b) Of intellectual notions or ideas, like the topics of a
discource.
(c) Of periods of time or occurrences, and the like.
[1913 Webster]
The side chambers were . . . thirty in order.
--Ezek. xli.
6.
[1913 Webster]
Bright-harnessed angels sit in order
serviceable. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
Good order is the foundation of all good things.
--Burke.
[1913 Webster]
2. Right arrangement; a normal, correct, or fit condition;
as, the house is in order; the machinery is out of order.
--Locke.
[1913 Webster]
3. The customary mode of procedure; established system, as in
the conduct of debates or the transaction of business;
usage; custom; fashion. --Dantiel.
[1913 Webster]
And, pregnant with his grander thought,
Brought the old order into doubt. --Emerson.
[1913 Webster]
4. Conformity with law or decorum; freedom from disturbance;
general tranquillity; public quiet; as, to preserve order
in a community or an assembly.
[1913 Webster]
5. That which prescribes a method of procedure; a rule or
regulation made by competent authority; as, the rules and
orders of the senate.
[1913 Webster]
The church hath authority to establish that for an
order at one time which at another time it may
abolish. --Hooker.
[1913 Webster]
6. A command; a mandate; a precept; a direction.
[1913 Webster]
Upon this new fright, an order was made by both
houses for disarming all the papists in England.
--Clarendon.
[1913 Webster]
7. Hence: A commission to purchase, sell, or supply goods; a
direction, in writing, to pay money, to furnish supplies,
to admit to a building, a place of entertainment, or the
like; as, orders for blankets are large.
[1913 Webster]
In those days were pit orders -- beshrew the
uncomfortable manager who abolished them. --Lamb.
[1913 Webster]
8. A number of things or persons arranged in a fixed or
suitable place, or relative position; a rank; a row; a
grade; especially, a rank or class in society; a group or
division of men in the same social or other position;
also, a distinct character, kind, or sort; as, the higher
or lower orders of society; talent of a high order.
[1913 Webster]
They are in equal order to their several ends.
--Jer. Taylor.
[1913 Webster]
Various orders various ensigns bear. --Granville.
[1913 Webster]
Which, to his order of mind, must have seemed little
short of crime. --Hawthorne.
[1913 Webster]
9. A body of persons having some common honorary distinction
or rule of obligation; esp., a body of religious persons
or aggregate of convents living under a common rule; as,
the Order of the Bath; the Franciscan order.
[1913 Webster]
Find a barefoot brother out,
One of our order, to associate me. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
The venerable order of the Knights Templars. --Sir
W. Scott.
[1913 Webster]
10. An ecclesiastical grade or rank, as of deacon, priest, or
bishop; the office of the Christian ministry; -- often
used in the plural; as, to take orders, or to take holy
orders, that is, to enter some grade of the ministry.
[1913 Webster]
11. (Arch.) The disposition of a column and its component
parts, and of the entablature resting upon it, in
classical architecture; hence (as the column and
entablature are the characteristic features of classical
architecture) a style or manner of architectural
designing.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The Greeks used three different orders, easy to
distinguish, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Romans
added the Tuscan, and changed the Doric so that it is
hardly recognizable, and also used a modified
Corinthian called Composite. The Renaissance writers on
architecture recognized five orders as orthodox or
classical, -- Doric (the Roman sort), Ionic, Tuscan,
Corinthian, and Composite. See Illust. of Capital.
[1913 Webster]
12. (Nat. Hist.) An assemblage of genera having certain
important characters in common; as, the Carnivora and
Insectivora are orders of Mammalia.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The Linnaean artificial orders of plants rested mainly
on identity in the numer of pistils, or agreement in
some one character. Natural orders are groups of genera
agreeing in the fundamental plan of their flowers and
fruit. A natural order is usually (in botany)
equivalent to a family, and may include several tribes.
[1913 Webster]
13. (Rhet.) The placing of words and members in a sentence in
such a manner as to contribute to force and beauty or
clearness of expression.
[1913 Webster]
14. (Math.) Rank; degree; thus, the order of a curve or
surface is the same as the degree of its equation.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial order or Artificial system. See {Artificial
classification}, under Artificial, and Note to def. 12
above.
Close order (Mil.), the arrangement of the ranks with a
distance of about half a pace between them; with a
distance of about three yards the ranks are in {open
order}.
The four Orders, The Orders four, the four orders of
mendicant friars. See Friar. --Chaucer.
General orders (Mil.), orders issued which concern the
whole command, or the troops generally, in distinction
from special orders.
Holy orders.
(a) (Eccl.) The different grades of the Christian
ministry; ordination to the ministry. See def. 10
above.
(b) (R. C. Ch.) A sacrament for the purpose of conferring
a special grace on those ordained.
In order to, for the purpose of; to the end; as means to.
The best knowledge is that which is of greatest use
in order to our eternal happiness. --Tillotson.
Minor orders (R. C. Ch.), orders beneath the diaconate in
sacramental dignity, as acolyte, exorcist, reader,
doorkeeper.
Money order. See under Money.
Natural order. (Bot.) See def. 12, Note.
Order book.
(a) A merchant's book in which orders are entered.
(b) (Mil.) A book kept at headquarters, in which all
orders are recorded for the information of officers
and men.
(c) A book in the House of Commons in which proposed
orders must be entered. [Eng.]
Order in Council, a royal order issued with and by the
advice of the Privy Council. [Great Britain]
Order of battle (Mil.), the particular disposition given to
the troops of an army on the field of battle.
Order of the day, in legislative bodies, the special
business appointed for a specified day.
Order of a differential equation (Math.), the greatest
index of differentiation in the equation.
Sailing orders (Naut.), the final instructions given to the
commander of a ship of war before a cruise.
Sealed orders, orders sealed, and not to be opened until a
certain time, or arrival at a certain place, as after a
ship is at sea.
Standing order.
(a) A continuing regulation for the conduct of
parliamentary business.
(b) (Mil.) An order not subject to change by an officer
temporarily in command.
To give order, to give command or directions. --Shak.
To take order for, to take charge of; to make arrangements
concerning.
[1913 Webster]
Whiles I take order for mine own affairs. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
Syn: Arrangement; management. See Direction.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificial tangent
(gcide) | Tangent \Tan"gent\, n. [L. tangens, -entis, p. pr. of tangere to
touch; akin to Gr. ? having seized: cf. F. tangente. Cf.
Attain, Contaminate, Contingent, Entire, Tact,
Taste, Tax, v. t.] (Geom.)
A tangent line curve, or surface; specifically, that portion
of the straight line tangent to a curve that is between the
point of tangency and a given line, the given line being, for
example, the axis of abscissas, or a radius of a circle
produced. See Trigonometrical function, under Function.
[1913 Webster]
Artificial tangent, or Logarithmic tangent, the logarithm
of the natural tangent of an arc.
Natural tangent, a decimal expressing the length of the
tangent of an arc, the radius being reckoned unity.
Tangent galvanometer (Elec.), a form of galvanometer having
a circular coil and a short needle, in which the tangent
of the angle of deflection of the needle is proportional
to the strength of the current.
Tangent of an angle, the natural tangent of the arc
subtending or measuring the angle.
Tangent of an arc, a right line, as ta, touching the arc of
a circle at one extremity a, and terminated by a line ct,
passing from the center through the other extremity o.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificiality
(gcide) | Artificiality \Ar`ti*fi`ci*al"i*ty\, n.
The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is
artificial.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificialize
(gcide) | Artificialize \Ar`ti*fi"cial*ize\, v. t.
To render artificial.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificially
(gcide) | Artificially \Ar`ti*fi"cial*ly\, adv.
1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance,
not by nature.
[1913 Webster]
2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought.
--Tillotson.
[1913 Webster]
3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
Sharp dissembled so artificially. --Bp. Burnet.
[1913 Webster] |
Artificialness
(gcide) | Artificialness \Ar`ti*fi"cial*ness\, n.
The quality of being artificial.
[1913 Webster] |
Inartificial
(gcide) | Inartificial \In*ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [Pref. in- not + artificial:
cf. F. inartificiel.]
Not artificial; not made or elaborated by art; natural;
simple; artless; as, an inartificial argument; an
inartificial character. -- In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ly, adv. --
In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ness, n.
[1913 Webster] |
Inartificially
(gcide) | Inartificial \In*ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [Pref. in- not + artificial:
cf. F. inartificiel.]
Not artificial; not made or elaborated by art; natural;
simple; artless; as, an inartificial argument; an
inartificial character. -- In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ly, adv. --
In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ness, n.
[1913 Webster] |
Inartificialness
(gcide) | Inartificial \In*ar`ti*fi"cial\, a. [Pref. in- not + artificial:
cf. F. inartificiel.]
Not artificial; not made or elaborated by art; natural;
simple; artless; as, an inartificial argument; an
inartificial character. -- In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ly, adv. --
In*ar`ti*fi"cial*ness, n.
[1913 Webster] |
Unartificial
(gcide) | Unartificial \Unartificial\
See artificial. |
artificial additive
(wn) | artificial additive
n 1: an additive to food intended to improve its flavor or
appearance or shelf-life [syn: food additive, {artificial
additive}] |
artificial blood
(wn) | artificial blood
n 1: a liquid that can carry large amounts of oxygen and can
serve as a temporary substitute for blood |
artificial flower
(wn) | artificial flower
n 1: a handmade imitation of a blossom |
artificial heart
(wn) | artificial heart
n 1: a pump that replaces the natural heart |
artificial horizon
(wn) | artificial horizon
n 1: a navigational instrument based on a gyroscope; it
artificially provides a simulated horizon for the pilot
[syn: artificial horizon, gyro horizon, {flight
indicator}] |
artificial insemination
(wn) | artificial insemination
n 1: the introduction of semen into the oviduct or uterus by
some means other than sexual intercourse [syn: {artificial
insemination}, AI] |
artificial intelligence
(wn) | artificial intelligence
n 1: the branch of computer science that deal with writing
computer programs that can solve problems creatively;
"workers in AI hope to imitate or duplicate intelligence in
computers and robots" [syn: artificial intelligence,
AI] |
artificial joint
(wn) | artificial joint
n 1: a metal or plastic part that is surgically implanted to
replace a natural joint (possibly elbow or wrist but
usually hip or knee) |
artificial kidney
(wn) | artificial kidney
n 1: a machine that uses dialysis to remove impurities and waste
products from the bloodstream before returning the blood to
the patient's body [syn: artificial kidney,
hemodialyzer] |
artificial lake
(wn) | artificial lake
n 1: lake used to store water for community use [syn:
reservoir, artificial lake, man-made lake] |
artificial language
(wn) | artificial language
n 1: a language that is deliberately created for a specific
purpose [ant: natural language, tongue] |
artificial pacemaker
(wn) | artificial pacemaker
n 1: an implanted electronic device that takes over the function
of the natural cardiac pacemaker [syn: pacemaker,
artificial pacemaker] |
artificial respiration
(wn) | artificial respiration
n 1: an emergency procedure whereby breathing is maintained
artificially |
artificial satellite
(wn) | artificial satellite
n 1: man-made equipment that orbits around the earth or the moon
[syn: satellite, artificial satellite, orbiter] |
artificial skin
(wn) | artificial skin
n 1: a synthetic covering with two layers used experimentally to
treat burn victims |
artificiality
(wn) | artificiality
n 1: the quality of being produced by people and not occurring
naturally |
artificially
(wn) | artificially
adv 1: not according to nature; not by natural means;
"artificially induced conditions" [syn: artificially,
unnaturally, by artificial means] [ant: naturally] |
by artificial means
(wn) | by artificial means
adv 1: not according to nature; not by natural means;
"artificially induced conditions" [syn: artificially,
unnaturally, by artificial means] [ant: naturally] |
jarvik artificial heart
(wn) | Jarvik artificial heart
n 1: a kind of artificial heart that has been used with some
success [syn: Jarvik heart, Jarvik artificial heart] |
artificial intelligence
(foldoc) | artificial intelligence
AI
(AI) The subfield of computer
science concerned with the concepts and methods of {symbolic
inference} by computer and symbolic knowledge representation
for use in making inferences. AI can be seen as an attempt to
model aspects of human thought on computers. It is also
sometimes defined as trying to solve by computer any problem
that a human can solve faster. The term was coined by
Stanford Professor John McCarthy, a leading AI researcher.
Examples of AI problems are computer vision (building a
system that can understand images as well as a human) and
natural language processing (building a system that can
understand and speak a human language as well as a human).
These may appear to be modular, but all attempts so far (1993)
to solve them have foundered on the amount of context
information and "intelligence" they seem to require.
The term is often used as a selling point, e.g. to describe
programming that drives the behaviour of computer characters
in a game. This is often no more intelligent than "Kill any
humans you see; keep walking; avoid solid objects; duck if a
human with a gun can see you".
See also AI-complete, neats vs. scruffies, {neural
network}, genetic programming, fuzzy computing,
artificial life.
ACM SIGART (http://sigart.acm.org/). {U Cal Davis
(http://phobos.cs.ucdavis.edu:8001)}. {CMU Artificial
Intelligence Repository
(http://cs.cmu.edu/Web/Groups/AI/html/repository.html)}.
(2002-01-19)
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artificial intelligence lab
(foldoc) | MIT AI Lab
Artificial Intelligence Lab
(Massachusetts Institute of Technology {artificial
intelligence} laboratory) Workplace of many famous AI
researchers at MIT including GLS and RMS.
(http://ai.mit.edu/).
Address: 545 Technology Sq., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
(2003-02-28)
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artificial life
(foldoc) | Artificial Life
(a-life) The study of synthetic
systems which behave like natural living systems in some way.
Artificial Life complements the traditional biological
sciences concerned with the analysis of living organisms by
attempting to create lifelike behaviours within computers and
other artificial media. Artificial Life can contribute to
theoretical biology by modelling forms of life other than
those which exist in nature. It has applications in
environmental and financial modelling and network
communications.
There are some interesting implementations of artificial life
using strangely shaped blocks. A video, probably by the
company Artificial Creatures who build insect-like robots in
Cambridge, MA (USA), has several mechanical implementations of
artificial life forms.
See also evolutionary computing, Life.
[Christopher G. Langton (Ed.), "Artificial Life", Proceedings
Volume VI, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of
Complexity. Addison-Wesley, 1989].
Yahoo! (http://yahoo.com/Science/Artificial_Life/).
Santa Fe Institute (http://alife.santafe.edu/).
{The Avida Group
(http://krl.caltech.edu/avida/Avida.html)}.
(1995-02-21)
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artificial neural network
(foldoc) | artificial neural network
neural nets
neural network
neuron
NN
(ANN, commonly just "neural network"
or "neural net") A network of many very simple processors
("units" or "neurons"), each possibly having a (small amount
of) local memory. The units are connected by unidirectional
communication channels ("connections"), which carry numeric
(as opposed to symbolic) data. The units operate only on
their local data and on the inputs they receive via the
connections.
A neural network is a processing device, either an
algorithm, or actual hardware, whose design was inspired by
the design and functioning of animal brains and components
thereof.
Most neural networks have some sort of "training" rule whereby
the weights of connections are adjusted on the basis of
presented patterns. In other words, neural networks "learn"
from examples, just like children learn to recognise dogs from
examples of dogs, and exhibit some structural capability for
generalisation.
Neurons are often elementary non-linear signal processors (in
the limit they are simple threshold discriminators). Another
feature of NNs which distinguishes them from other computing
devices is a high degree of interconnection which allows a
high degree of parallelism. Further, there is no idle memory
containing data and programs, but rather each neuron is
pre-programmed and continuously active.
The term "neural net" should logically, but in common usage
never does, also include biological neural networks, whose
elementary structures are far more complicated than the
mathematical models used for ANNs.
See Aspirin, Hopfield network, McCulloch-Pitts neuron.
Usenet newsgroup: news:comp.ai.neural-nets.
(1997-10-13)
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stanford artificial intelligence laboratory
(foldoc) | Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
(SAIL) /sayl/, not /S-A-I-L/ An important
site in the early development of LISP; with the {MIT AI
Lab}, BBN, CMU, XEROX PARC, and the Unix community,
one of the major wellsprings of technical innovation and
hacker-culture traditions (see the WAITS entry for details).
The SAIL machines were shut down in late May 1990, scant weeks
after the MIT AI Lab's ITS cluster was officially
decommissioned.
[Jargon File]
(2001-06-22)
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stanford artificial intelligence language
(foldoc) | Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language
(SAIL) Dan Swinehart & Bob Sproull, Stanford AI
Project, 1970. A large ALGOL 60-like language for the DEC-10
and DEC-20. Its main feature is a symbolic data system based
upon an associative store (originally called LEAP). Items may
be stored as unordered sets or as associations (triples).
Processes, events and interrupts, contexts, backtracking and
record garbage collection. Block- structured macros. "Recent
Developments in SAIL - An ALGOL-based Language for Artificial
Intelligence", J. Feldman et al, Proc FJCC 41(2), AFIPS (Fall
1972). (See MAINSAIL).
The Stanford Artificial Intelligence Language used at SAIL
(the place). It was an ALGOL 60 derivative with a coroutining
facility and some new data types intended for building search
trees and association lists.
A number of interesting software systems were coded in SAIL,
including early versions of FTP and TeX and a document
formatting system called PUB.
In 1978, there were half a dozen different operating systems
for the PDP-10: WAITS (Stanford), ITS (MIT), TOPS-10 (DEC),
CMU TOPS-10 (CMU), TENEX (BBN), and TOPS-20 (DEC, after
TENEX).
SAIL was ported from WAITS to ITS so that MIT
researchers could make use of software developed at {Stanford
University}. Every port usually required the rewriting of I/O
code in each application.
[Jargon File]
(2001-06-22)
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ARTIFICIAL
(bouvier) | ARTIFICIAL. What is the result of, or relates to, the arts; opposed to
natural; thus we say a corporation is an artificial person, in opposition to
a natural person. Artificial accession is the uniting one property to
another by art, opposed to a simple natural union. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 503.
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ARTIFICIAL PERSON
(bouvier) | ARTIFICIAL PERSON. In a figurative sense, a body of men or company are
sometimes called an artificial person, because the law associates them as
one, and gives them various powers possessed by natural persons.
Corporations are such artificial persons. 1 Bouv. Inst. n. 177.
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