| slovo | definícia |
philosophy
(mass) | philosophy
- filozofia |
philosophy
(encz) | philosophy,filozofie n: Zdeněk Brož |
Philosophy
(gcide) | Philosophy \Phi*los"o*phy\ (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[y^]), n.; pl.
Philosophies (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[i^]z). [OE. philosophie,
F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. filosofi`a. See
Philosopher.]
1. Literally, the love of, inducing the search after, wisdom;
in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained
by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and
laws.
[1913 Webster]
Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge,
philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under
which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating
to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when
applied to God and the divine government, is called
theology; when applied to material objects, it is
called physics; when it treats of man, it is called
anthropology and psychology, with which are connected
logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary
conceptions and relations by which philosophy is
possible, it is called metaphysics.
[1913 Webster]
Note: "Philosophy has been defined: -- the science of things
divine and human, and the causes in which they are
contained; -- the science of effects by their causes;
-- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of
things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the
science of things evidently deduced from first
principles; -- the science of truths sensible and
abstract; -- the application of reason to its
legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of
all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; --
the science of the original form of the ego, or mental
self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the
absolute; -- the science of the absolute indifference
of the ideal and real." --Sir W. Hamilton.
[1913 Webster]
2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the
hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.
[1913 Webster]
[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
We shall in vain interpret their words by the
notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our
school. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment;
equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune
with philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Then had he spent all his philosophy. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
4. Reasoning; argumentation.
[1913 Webster]
Of good and evil much they argued then, . . .
Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
5. The course of sciences read in the schools. --Johnson.
[1913 Webster]
6. A treatise on philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his
disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy.
Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a
garden in Athens.
Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of
the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the
Lyceum at Athens.
Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so
called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in
the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.
[1913 Webster] |
philosophy
(wn) | philosophy
n 1: a belief (or system of beliefs) accepted as authoritative
by some group or school [syn: doctrine, philosophy,
philosophical system, school of thought, ism]
2: the rational investigation of questions about existence and
knowledge and ethics
3: any personal belief about how to live or how to deal with a
situation; "self-indulgence was his only philosophy"; "my
father's philosophy of child-rearing was to let mother do it" |
philosophy
(foldoc) | philosophy
See computer ethics, liar paradox, netiquette, proof.
|
philosophy
(devil) | PHILOSOPHY, n. A route of many roads leading from nowhere to nothing.
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
department of philosophy
(encz) | department of philosophy, n: |
empiricist philosophy
(encz) | empiricist philosophy, n: |
existentialist philosophy
(encz) | existentialist philosophy, n: |
legal philosophy
(encz) | legal philosophy, n: |
moral philosophy
(encz) | moral philosophy, n: |
natural philosophy
(encz) | natural philosophy, n: |
philosophy department
(encz) | philosophy department, n: |
transcendental philosophy
(encz) | transcendental philosophy, n: |
Atomic philosophy
(gcide) | Atomic \A*tom"ic\, Atomical \A*tom"ic*al\, a. [Cf. F. atomique.]
1. Of or pertaining to atoms.
[1913 Webster]
2. Extremely minute; tiny.
[1913 Webster]
Atomic bomb, see atom bomb in the vocabulary.
Atomic philosophy, or Doctrine of atoms, a system which,
assuming that atoms are endued with gravity and motion,
accounted thus for the origin and formation of all things.
This philosophy was first broached by Leucippus, was
developed by Democritus, and afterward improved by
Epicurus, and hence is sometimes denominated the Epicurean
philosophy.
Atomic theory, or the Doctrine of definite proportions
(Chem.), teaches that chemical combinations take place
between the supposed ultimate particles or atoms of
bodies, in some simple ratio, as of one to one, two to
three, or some other, always expressible in whole numbers.
Atomic weight (Chem.), the weight of the atom of an element
as compared with the weight of the atom of hydrogen, taken
as a standard.
[1913 Webster] |
Corpuscular philosophy
(gcide) | Corpuscular \Cor*pus"cu*lar\ (k?r-p?s"k?-l?r), a. [Cf. F.
corpusculaire.]
Pertaining to, or composed of, corpuscles, or small
particles.
[1913 Webster]
Corpuscular philosophy, that which attempts to account for
the phenomena of nature, by the motion, figure, rest,
position, etc., of the minute particles of matter.
Corpuscular theory (Opt.), the theory enunciated by Sir
Isaac Newton, that light consists in the emission and
rapid progression of minute particles or corpuscles. The
theory is now generally rejected, and supplanted by the
undulatory theory.
[1913 Webster] |
Critical philosophy
(gcide) | Critical \Crit"ic*al\ (kr[i^]t"[i^]*kal), a. [See Critic, n.,
Crisis.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Qualified to criticise, or pass judgment upon, literary or
artistic productions.
[1913 Webster]
It is submitted to the judgment of more critical
ears to direct and determine what is graceful and
what is not. --Holder.
[1913 Webster]
2. Pertaining to criticism or the critic's art; of the nature
of a criticism; accurate; as, critical knowledge; a
critical dissertation.
[1913 Webster]
3. Inclined to make nice distinctions, or to exercise careful
judgment and selection; exact; nicely judicious.
[1913 Webster]
Virgil was so critical in the rites of religion,
that he would never have brought in such prayers as
these, if they had not been agreeable to the Roman
customs. --Bp.
Stillingfleet.
[1913 Webster]
4. Inclined to criticise or find fault; fastidious; captious;
censorious; exacting.
[1913 Webster]
O gentle lady, do not put me to 't,
For I am nothing, if not critical. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
5. Characterized by thoroughness and a reference to
principles, as becomes a critic; as, a critical analysis
of a subject.
[1913 Webster]
6. [See Crisis.] Pertaining to, or indicating, a crisis,
turning point, or specially important juncture; important
as regards consequences; hence, of doubtful issue;
attended with risk; dangerous; as, the critical stage of a
fever; a critical situation.
[1913 Webster]
Our circumstances are indeed critical. --Burke.
[1913 Webster]
The small moment, the exact point, the critical
minute, on which every good work so much depends.
--South.
[1913 Webster]
Critical angle (Optics), that angle of incidence of a
luminous ray at which it is wholly reflected, and no
portion of it transmitted. The sine of this angle is the
reciprocal of the refractive index of the medium.
Critical philosophy, the metaphysical system of Kant; -- so
called from his most important work, the "Critique of Pure
Reason."
[1913 Webster] |
doctor of philosophy
(gcide) | Degree \De*gree"\, n. [F. degr['e], OF. degret, fr. LL.
degradare. See Degrade.]
1. A step, stair, or staircase. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
By ladders, or else by degree. --Rom. of R.
[1913 Webster]
2. One of a series of progressive steps upward or downward,
in quality, rank, acquirement, and the like; a stage in
progression; grade; gradation; as, degrees of vice and
virtue; to advance by slow degrees; degree of comparison.
[1913 Webster]
3. The point or step of progression to which a person has
arrived; rank or station in life; position. "A dame of
high degree." --Dryden. "A knight is your degree." --Shak.
"Lord or lady of high degree." --Lowell.
[1913 Webster]
4. Measure of advancement; quality; extent; as, tastes differ
in kind as well as in degree.
[1913 Webster]
The degree of excellence which proclaims genius, is
different in different times and different places.
--Sir. J.
Reynolds.
[1913 Webster]
5. Grade or rank to which scholars are admitted by a college
or university, in recognition of their attainments; also,
(informal) the diploma provided by an educational
institution attesting to the achievement of that rank; as,
the degree of bachelor of arts, master, doctor, etc.; to
hang one's degrees on the office wall.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
Note: In the United States diplomas are usually given as the
evidence of a degree conferred. In the humanities the
first degree is that of bachelor of arts (B. A. or A.
B.); the second that of master of arts (M. A. or A.
M.). The degree of bachelor (of arts, science,
divinity, law, etc.) is conferred upon those who
complete a prescribed course of undergraduate study.
The first degree in medicine is that of {doctor of
medicine} (M. D.). The degrees of master and doctor are
also conferred, in course, upon those who have
completed certain prescribed postgraduate studies, as
doctor of philosophy (Ph. D.); the degree of doctor
is also conferred as a complimentary recognition of
eminent services in science or letters, or for public
services or distinction (as doctor of laws (LL. D.)
or doctor of divinity (D. D.), when they are called
honorary degrees.
[1913 Webster]
The youth attained his bachelor's degree, and
left the university. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Genealogy) A certain distance or remove in the line of
descent, determining the proximity of blood; one remove in
the chain of relationship; as, a relation in the third or
fourth degree.
[1913 Webster]
In the 11th century an opinion began to gain ground
in Italy, that third cousins might marry, being in
the seventh degree according to the civil law.
--Hallam.
[1913 Webster]
7. (Arith.) Three figures taken together in numeration; thus,
140 is one degree, 222,140 two degrees.
[1913 Webster]
8. (Algebra) State as indicated by sum of exponents; more
particularly, the degree of a term is indicated by the sum
of the exponents of its literal factors; thus, a^2b^3c
is a term of the sixth degree. The degree of a power, or
radical, is denoted by its index, that of an equation by
the greatest sum of the exponents of the unknown
quantities in any term; thus, ax^4 + bx^2 = c, and
mx^2y^2 + nyx = p, are both equations of the fourth
degree.
[1913 Webster]
9. (Trig.) A 360th part of the circumference of a circle,
which part is taken as the principal unit of measure for
arcs and angles. The degree is divided into 60 minutes and
the minute into 60 seconds.
[1913 Webster]
10. A division, space, or interval, marked on a mathematical
or other instrument, as on a thermometer.
11. (Mus.) A line or space of the staff.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The short lines and their spaces are added degrees.
[1913 Webster]
Accumulation of degrees. (Eng. Univ.) See under
Accumulation.
By degrees, step by step; by little and little; by moderate
advances. "I'll leave it by degrees." --Shak.
Degree of a curve or Degree of a surface (Geom.), the
number which expresses the degree of the equation of the
curve or surface in rectilinear coordinates. A straight
line will, in general, meet the curve or surface in a
number of points equal to the degree of the curve or
surface and no more.
Degree of latitude (Geog.), on the earth, the distance on a
meridian between two parallels of latitude whose latitudes
differ from each other by one degree. This distance is not
the same on different parts of a meridian, on account of
the flattened figure of the earth, being 68.702 statute
miles at the equator, and 69.396 at the poles.
Degree of longitude, the distance on a parallel of latitude
between two meridians that make an angle of one degree
with each other at the poles -- a distance which varies as
the cosine of the latitude, being at the equator 69.16
statute miles.
To a degree, to an extreme; exceedingly; as, mendacious to
a degree.
[1913 Webster]
It has been said that Scotsmen . . . are . . . grave
to a degree on occasions when races more favored by
nature are gladsome to excess. --Prof.
Wilson.
[1913 Webster] |
Epicurean philosophy
(gcide) | Epicurean \Ep`i*cu*re"an\ (?; 277), a. [L. Epicureus, Gr. ?: cf.
['e]picurien.]
1. Pertaining to Epicurus, or following his philosophy. "The
sect Epicurean." --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
2. Given to luxury; adapted to luxurious tastes; luxurious;
pertaining to good eating.
[1913 Webster]
Courses of the most refined and epicurean dishes.
--Prescott.
[1913 Webster]
Epicurean philosophy. See Atomic philosophy, under
Atomic.
[1913 Webster] |
Inductive philosophy
(gcide) | Inductive \In*duct"ive\, a. [LL. inductivus: cf. F. inductif.
See Induce.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Leading or drawing; persuasive; tempting; -- usually
followed by to.
[1913 Webster]
A brutish vice,
Inductive mainly to the sin of Eve. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
2. Tending to induce or cause. [R.]
[1913 Webster]
They may be . . . inductive of credibility. --Sir M.
Hale.
[1913 Webster]
3. Leading to inferences; proceeding by, derived from, or
using, induction; as, inductive reasoning.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Physics)
(a) Operating by induction; as, an inductive electrical
machine.
(b) Facilitating induction; susceptible of being acted
upon by induction; as, certain substances have a great
inductive capacity.
[1913 Webster]
Inductive embarrassment (Physics), the retardation in
signaling on an electric wire, produced by lateral
induction.
Inductive philosophy or Inductive method. See
Philosophical induction, under Induction.
Inductive sciences, those sciences which admit of, and
employ, the inductive method, as astronomy, botany,
chemistry, etc.
[1913 Webster] |
Mechanical philosophy
(gcide) | Mechanical \Me*chan"ic*al\, a. [From Mechanic, a.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Pertaining to, governed by, or in accordance with,
mechanics, or the laws of motion; pertaining to the
quantitative relations of force and matter on a
macroscopic scale, as distinguished from mental,
vital, chemical, electrical, electronic, atomic
etc.; as, mechanical principles; a mechanical theory;
especially, using only the interactions of solid parts
against each other; as mechanical brakes, in contrast to
hydraulic brakes.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
2. Of or pertaining to a machine or to machinery or tools;
made or formed by a machine or with tools; as, mechanical
precision; mechanical products.
[1913 Webster]
We have also divers mechanical arts. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
3. Done as if by a machine; uninfluenced by will or emotion;
proceeding automatically, or by habit, without special
intention or reflection; as, mechanical singing;
mechanical verses; mechanical service.
[1913 Webster]
4. Made and operated by interaction of forces without a
directing intelligence; as, a mechanical universe.
[1913 Webster]
5. Obtained by trial, by measurements, etc.; approximate;
empirical. See the 2d Note under Geometric.
[1913 Webster]
Mechanical effect, effective power; useful work exerted, as
by a machine, in a definite time.
Mechanical engineering. See the Note under Engineering.
Mechanical maneuvers (Mil.), the application of mechanical
appliances to the mounting, dismounting, and moving of
artillery. --Farrow.
Mechanical philosophy, the principles of mechanics applied
to the investigation of physical phenomena.
Mechanical powers, certain simple instruments, such as the
lever and its modifications (the wheel and axle and the
pulley), the inclined plane with its modifications (the
screw and the wedge), which convert a small force acting
through a great space into a great force acting through a
small space, or vice versa, and are used separately or in
combination.
Mechanical solution (Math.), a solution of a problem by any
art or contrivance not strictly geometrical, as by means
of the ruler and compasses, or other instruments.
[1913 Webster] |
Moral philosophy
(gcide) | Moral \Mor"al\, a. [F., fr. It. moralis, fr. mos, moris, manner,
custom, habit, way of life, conduct.]
1. Relating to duty or obligation; pertaining to those
intentions and actions of which right and wrong, virtue
and vice, are predicated, or to the rules by which such
intentions and actions ought to be directed; relating to
the practice, manners, or conduct of men as social beings
in relation to each other, as respects right and wrong, so
far as they are properly subject to rules.
[1913 Webster]
Keep at the least within the compass of moral
actions, which have in them vice or virtue.
--Hooker.
[1913 Webster]
Mankind is broken loose from moral bands. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
She had wandered without rule or guidance in a moral
wilderness. --Hawthorne.
[1913 Webster]
2. Conformed to accepted rules of right; acting in conformity
with such rules; virtuous; just; as, a moral man. Used
sometimes in distinction from religious; as, a moral
rather than a religious life.
[1913 Webster]
The wiser and more moral part of mankind. --Sir M.
Hale.
[1913 Webster]
3. Capable of right and wrong action or of being governed by
a sense of right; subject to the law of duty.
[1913 Webster]
A moral agent is a being capable of those actions
that have a moral quality, and which can properly be
denominated good or evil in a moral sense. --J.
Edwards.
[1913 Webster]
4. Acting upon or through one's moral nature or sense of
right, or suited to act in such a manner; as, a moral
arguments; moral considerations. Sometimes opposed to
material and physical; as, moral pressure or support.
[1913 Webster]
5. Supported by reason or probability; practically
sufficient; -- opposed to legal or demonstrable; as, a
moral evidence; a moral certainty.
[1913 Webster]
6. Serving to teach or convey a moral; as, a moral lesson;
moral tales.
[1913 Webster]
Moral agent, a being who is capable of acting with
reference to right and wrong.
Moral certainty, a very high degree or probability,
although not demonstrable as a certainty; a probability of
so high a degree that it can be confidently acted upon in
the affairs of life; as, there is a moral certainty of his
guilt.
Moral insanity, insanity, so called, of the moral system;
badness alleged to be irresponsible.
Moral philosophy, the science of duty; the science which
treats of the nature and condition of man as a moral
being, of the duties which result from his moral
relations, and the reasons on which they are founded.
Moral play, an allegorical play; a morality. [Obs.]
Moral sense, the power of moral judgment and feeling; the
capacity to perceive what is right or wrong in moral
conduct, and to approve or disapprove, independently of
education or the knowledge of any positive rule or law.
Moral theology, theology applied to morals; practical
theology; casuistry.
[1913 Webster] |
Natural philosophy
(gcide) | Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr.
L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.]
1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the
constitution of a thing; belonging to native character;
according to nature; essential; characteristic; innate;
not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as,
the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural
motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or
disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.
[1913 Webster]
With strong natural sense, and rare force of will.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature;
consonant to the methods of nature; according to the
stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws
which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or
violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural
consequence of crime; a natural death; anger is a natural
response to insult.
[1913 Webster]
What can be more natural than the circumstances in
the behavior of those women who had lost their
husbands on this fatal day? --Addison.
[1913 Webster]
3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with,
or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and
mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or
experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural
science; history, theology.
[1913 Webster]
I call that natural religion which men might know .
. . by the mere principles of reason, improved by
consideration and experience, without the help of
revelation. --Bp. Wilkins.
[1913 Webster]
4. Conformed to truth or reality; as:
(a) Springing from true sentiment; not artificial or
exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a
natural gesture, tone, etc.
(b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature;
according to the life; -- said of anything copied or
imitated; as, a portrait is natural.
[1913 Webster]
5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to
one's position; not unnatural in feelings.
[1913 Webster]
To leave his wife, to leave his babes, . . .
He wants the natural touch. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. especially,
Related by birth rather than by adoption; as, one's
natural mother. "Natural friends." --J. H. Newman.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
7. Hence: Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of
wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.
[1913 Webster]
8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as
contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which
is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate.
[1913 Webster]
The natural man receiveth not the things of the
Spirit of God. --1 Cor. ii.
14.
[1913 Webster]
9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some
system, in which the base is 1; -- said of certain
functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those
commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken
in arcs whose radii are 1.
[1913 Webster]
10. (Mus.)
(a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human
throat, in distinction from instrumental music.
(b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat
nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major.
(c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which
moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but
little from the original key.
(d) Neither flat nor sharp; -- of a tone.
(e) Changed to the pitch which is neither flat nor sharp,
by appending the sign [natural]; as, A natural.
--Moore (Encyc. of Music).
[1913 Webster +PJC]
11. Existing in nature or created by the forces of nature, in
contrast to production by man; not made, manufactured, or
processed by humans; as, a natural ruby; a natural
bridge; natural fibers; a deposit of natural calcium
sulfate. Opposed to artificial, man-made,
manufactured, processed and synthetic. [WordNet
sense 2]
[PJC]
12. Hence: Not processed or refined; in the same statre as
that existing in nature; as, natural wood; natural foods.
[PJC]
Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas.
etc.
Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common
chord.
Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or
description of nature as a whole, including the sciences
of botany, Zoology, geology, mineralogy,
paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent
usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of
botany and Zoology collectively, and sometimes to the
science of zoology alone.
Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right
and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished
from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated
human law.
Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its
relative keys.
Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order.
Natural person. (Law) See under person, n.
Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in
general; the natural sciences; in modern usage, that
branch of physical science, commonly called physics,
which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and
considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by
any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with
mental philosophy and moral philosophy.
Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without
flats or sharps.
Note: Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to
mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales
represented by the use of flats and sharps) being
equally natural with the so-called natural scale.
Natural science, the study of objects and phenomena
existing in nature, especially biology, chemistry, physics
and their interdisciplinary related sciences; {natural
history}, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in
contradistinction to social science, mathematics,
philosophy, mental science or moral science.
Natural selection (Biol.), the operation of natural laws
analogous, in their operation and results, to designed
selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in
the survival of the fittest; the elimination over time of
species unable to compete in specific environments with
other species more adapted to survival; -- the essential
mechanism of evolution. The principle of natural selection
is neutral with respect to the mechanism by which
inheritable changes occur in organisms (most commonly
thought to be due to mutation of genes and reorganization
of genomes), but proposes that those forms which have
become so modified as to be better adapted to the existing
environment have tended to survive and leave similarly
adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted
have tended to die out through lack of fitness for the
environment, thus resulting in the survival of the
fittest. See Darwinism.
Natural system (Bot. & Zool.), a classification based upon
real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of
the organisms, and by their embryology.
It should be borne in mind that the natural system
of botany is natural only in the constitution of its
genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand
divisions. --Gray.
Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of
theological science which treats of those evidences of the
existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are
exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from {revealed
religion}. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3.
Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir,
her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest
open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel,
under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
Syn: See Native.
[1913 Webster] |
Newtonian philosophy
(gcide) | Newtonian \New*to"ni*an\, a.
Of or pertaining to Sir Isaac Newton, or his discoveries.
[1913 Webster]
Newtonian philosophy, the philosophy of Sir Isaac Newton;
-- applied to the doctrine of the universe as expounded in
Newton's "Principia," to the modern or experimental
philosophy (as opposed to the theories of Descartes and
others), and, most frequently, to the mathematical theory
of universal gravitation.
Newtonian telescope (Astron.), a reflecting telescope, in
which rays from the large speculum are received by a plane
mirror placed diagonally in the axis, and near the open
end of the tube, and thrown at right angles toward one
side of the tube, where the image is formed and viewed
through the eyeplace.
Newtonian theory of light. See Note under Light.
[1913 Webster] |
Philosophy
(gcide) | Philosophy \Phi*los"o*phy\ (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[y^]), n.; pl.
Philosophies (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[i^]z). [OE. philosophie,
F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. filosofi`a. See
Philosopher.]
1. Literally, the love of, inducing the search after, wisdom;
in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained
by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and
laws.
[1913 Webster]
Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge,
philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under
which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating
to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when
applied to God and the divine government, is called
theology; when applied to material objects, it is
called physics; when it treats of man, it is called
anthropology and psychology, with which are connected
logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary
conceptions and relations by which philosophy is
possible, it is called metaphysics.
[1913 Webster]
Note: "Philosophy has been defined: -- the science of things
divine and human, and the causes in which they are
contained; -- the science of effects by their causes;
-- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of
things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the
science of things evidently deduced from first
principles; -- the science of truths sensible and
abstract; -- the application of reason to its
legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of
all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; --
the science of the original form of the ego, or mental
self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the
absolute; -- the science of the absolute indifference
of the ideal and real." --Sir W. Hamilton.
[1913 Webster]
2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the
hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.
[1913 Webster]
[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
We shall in vain interpret their words by the
notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our
school. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment;
equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune
with philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Then had he spent all his philosophy. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
4. Reasoning; argumentation.
[1913 Webster]
Of good and evil much they argued then, . . .
Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
5. The course of sciences read in the schools. --Johnson.
[1913 Webster]
6. A treatise on philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his
disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy.
Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a
garden in Athens.
Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of
the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the
Lyceum at Athens.
Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so
called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in
the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.
[1913 Webster] |
Philosophy of the Academy
(gcide) | Philosophy \Phi*los"o*phy\ (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[y^]), n.; pl.
Philosophies (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[i^]z). [OE. philosophie,
F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. filosofi`a. See
Philosopher.]
1. Literally, the love of, inducing the search after, wisdom;
in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained
by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and
laws.
[1913 Webster]
Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge,
philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under
which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating
to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when
applied to God and the divine government, is called
theology; when applied to material objects, it is
called physics; when it treats of man, it is called
anthropology and psychology, with which are connected
logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary
conceptions and relations by which philosophy is
possible, it is called metaphysics.
[1913 Webster]
Note: "Philosophy has been defined: -- the science of things
divine and human, and the causes in which they are
contained; -- the science of effects by their causes;
-- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of
things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the
science of things evidently deduced from first
principles; -- the science of truths sensible and
abstract; -- the application of reason to its
legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of
all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; --
the science of the original form of the ego, or mental
self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the
absolute; -- the science of the absolute indifference
of the ideal and real." --Sir W. Hamilton.
[1913 Webster]
2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the
hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.
[1913 Webster]
[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
We shall in vain interpret their words by the
notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our
school. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment;
equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune
with philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Then had he spent all his philosophy. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
4. Reasoning; argumentation.
[1913 Webster]
Of good and evil much they argued then, . . .
Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
5. The course of sciences read in the schools. --Johnson.
[1913 Webster]
6. A treatise on philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his
disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy.
Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a
garden in Athens.
Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of
the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the
Lyceum at Athens.
Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so
called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in
the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.
[1913 Webster] |
Philosophy of the Garden
(gcide) | Philosophy \Phi*los"o*phy\ (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[y^]), n.; pl.
Philosophies (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[i^]z). [OE. philosophie,
F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. filosofi`a. See
Philosopher.]
1. Literally, the love of, inducing the search after, wisdom;
in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained
by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and
laws.
[1913 Webster]
Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge,
philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under
which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating
to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when
applied to God and the divine government, is called
theology; when applied to material objects, it is
called physics; when it treats of man, it is called
anthropology and psychology, with which are connected
logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary
conceptions and relations by which philosophy is
possible, it is called metaphysics.
[1913 Webster]
Note: "Philosophy has been defined: -- the science of things
divine and human, and the causes in which they are
contained; -- the science of effects by their causes;
-- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of
things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the
science of things evidently deduced from first
principles; -- the science of truths sensible and
abstract; -- the application of reason to its
legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of
all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; --
the science of the original form of the ego, or mental
self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the
absolute; -- the science of the absolute indifference
of the ideal and real." --Sir W. Hamilton.
[1913 Webster]
2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the
hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.
[1913 Webster]
[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
We shall in vain interpret their words by the
notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our
school. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment;
equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune
with philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Then had he spent all his philosophy. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
4. Reasoning; argumentation.
[1913 Webster]
Of good and evil much they argued then, . . .
Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
5. The course of sciences read in the schools. --Johnson.
[1913 Webster]
6. A treatise on philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his
disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy.
Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a
garden in Athens.
Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of
the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the
Lyceum at Athens.
Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so
called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in
the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.
[1913 Webster] |
Philosophy of the Lyceum
(gcide) | Philosophy \Phi*los"o*phy\ (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[y^]), n.; pl.
Philosophies (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[i^]z). [OE. philosophie,
F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. filosofi`a. See
Philosopher.]
1. Literally, the love of, inducing the search after, wisdom;
in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained
by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and
laws.
[1913 Webster]
Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge,
philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under
which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating
to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when
applied to God and the divine government, is called
theology; when applied to material objects, it is
called physics; when it treats of man, it is called
anthropology and psychology, with which are connected
logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary
conceptions and relations by which philosophy is
possible, it is called metaphysics.
[1913 Webster]
Note: "Philosophy has been defined: -- the science of things
divine and human, and the causes in which they are
contained; -- the science of effects by their causes;
-- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of
things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the
science of things evidently deduced from first
principles; -- the science of truths sensible and
abstract; -- the application of reason to its
legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of
all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; --
the science of the original form of the ego, or mental
self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the
absolute; -- the science of the absolute indifference
of the ideal and real." --Sir W. Hamilton.
[1913 Webster]
2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the
hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.
[1913 Webster]
[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
We shall in vain interpret their words by the
notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our
school. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment;
equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune
with philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Then had he spent all his philosophy. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
4. Reasoning; argumentation.
[1913 Webster]
Of good and evil much they argued then, . . .
Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
5. The course of sciences read in the schools. --Johnson.
[1913 Webster]
6. A treatise on philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his
disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy.
Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a
garden in Athens.
Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of
the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the
Lyceum at Athens.
Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so
called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in
the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.
[1913 Webster] |
Philosophy of the Porch
(gcide) | Philosophy \Phi*los"o*phy\ (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[y^]), n.; pl.
Philosophies (f[i^]*l[o^]s"[-o]*f[i^]z). [OE. philosophie,
F. philosophie, L. philosophia, from Gr. filosofi`a. See
Philosopher.]
1. Literally, the love of, inducing the search after, wisdom;
in actual usage, the knowledge of phenomena as explained
by, and resolved into, causes and reasons, powers and
laws.
[1913 Webster]
Note: When applied to any particular department of knowledge,
philosophy denotes the general laws or principles under
which all the subordinate phenomena or facts relating
to that subject are comprehended. Thus philosophy, when
applied to God and the divine government, is called
theology; when applied to material objects, it is
called physics; when it treats of man, it is called
anthropology and psychology, with which are connected
logic and ethics; when it treats of the necessary
conceptions and relations by which philosophy is
possible, it is called metaphysics.
[1913 Webster]
Note: "Philosophy has been defined: -- the science of things
divine and human, and the causes in which they are
contained; -- the science of effects by their causes;
-- the science of sufficient reasons; -- the science of
things possible, inasmuch as they are possible; -- the
science of things evidently deduced from first
principles; -- the science of truths sensible and
abstract; -- the application of reason to its
legitimate objects; -- the science of the relations of
all knowledge to the necessary ends of human reason; --
the science of the original form of the ego, or mental
self; -- the science of science; -- the science of the
absolute; -- the science of the absolute indifference
of the ideal and real." --Sir W. Hamilton.
[1913 Webster]
2. A particular philosophical system or theory; the
hypothesis by which particular phenomena are explained.
[1913 Webster]
[Books] of Aristotle and his philosophie. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
We shall in vain interpret their words by the
notions of our philosophy and the doctrines in our
school. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
3. Practical wisdom; calmness of temper and judgment;
equanimity; fortitude; stoicism; as, to meet misfortune
with philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Then had he spent all his philosophy. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
4. Reasoning; argumentation.
[1913 Webster]
Of good and evil much they argued then, . . .
Vain wisdom all, and false philosophy. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
5. The course of sciences read in the schools. --Johnson.
[1913 Webster]
6. A treatise on philosophy.
[1913 Webster]
Philosophy of the Academy, that of Plato, who taught his
disciples in a grove in Athens called the Academy.
Philosophy of the Garden, that of Epicurus, who taught in a
garden in Athens.
Philosophy of the Lyceum, that of Aristotle, the founder of
the Peripatetic school, who delivered his lectures in the
Lyceum at Athens.
Philosophy of the Porch, that of Zeno and the Stoics; -- so
called because Zeno of Citium and his successors taught in
the porch of the Poicile, a great hall in Athens.
[1913 Webster] |
Physico-philosophy
(gcide) | Physico-philosophy \Phys`i*co-phi*los"o*phy\, n. [Physico- +
philosophy.]
The philosophy of nature.
[1913 Webster] |
Positive philosophy
(gcide) | Positive \Pos"i*tive\, a. [OE. positif, F. positif, L.
positivus. See Position.]
1. Having a real position, existence, or energy; existing in
fact; real; actual; -- opposed to negative. "Positive
good." --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
2. Derived from an object by itself; not dependent on
changing circumstances or relations; absolute; -- opposed
to relative; as, the idea of beauty is not positive, but
depends on the different tastes individuals.
[1913 Webster]
3. Definitely laid down; explicitly stated; clearly
expressed; -- opposed to implied; as, a positive
declaration or promise.
[1913 Webster]
Positive words, that he would not bear arms against
King Edward's son. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
4. Hence: Not admitting of any doubt, condition,
qualification, or discretion; not dependent on
circumstances or probabilities; not speculative;
compelling assent or obedience; peremptory; indisputable;
decisive; as, positive instructions; positive truth;
positive proof. "'T is positive 'gainst all exceptions."
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
5. Prescribed by express enactment or institution; settled by
arbitrary appointment; said of laws.
[1913 Webster]
In laws, that which is natural bindeth universally;
that which is positive, not so. --Hooker.
[1913 Webster]
6. Fully assured; confident; certain; sometimes,
overconfident; dogmatic; overbearing; -- said of persons.
[1913 Webster]
Some positive, persisting fops we know,
That, if once wrong, will needs be always. --Pope.
[1913 Webster]
7. Having the power of direct action or influence; as, a
positive voice in legislation. --Swift.
[1913 Webster]
8. (Photog.) Corresponding with the original in respect to
the position of lights and shades, instead of having the
lights and shades reversed; as, a positive picture.
[1913 Webster]
9. (Chem.)
(a) Electro-positive.
(b) Hence, basic; metallic; not acid; -- opposed to
negative, and said of metals, bases, and basic
radicals.
[1913 Webster]
10. (Mach. & Mech.)
(a) Designating, or pertaining to, a motion or device in
which the movement derived from a driver, or the grip
or hold of a restraining piece, is communicated
through an unyielding intermediate piece or pieces;
as, a claw clutch is a positive clutch, while a
friction clutch is not.
(b) Designating, or pertaining to, a device giving a
to-and-fro motion; as, a positive dobby.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
11. (Vehicles) Designating a method of steering or turning in
which the steering wheels move so that they describe
concentric arcs in making a turn, to insure freedom from
side slip or harmful resistance.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
Positive crystals (Opt.), a doubly refracting crystal in
which the index of refraction for the extraordinary ray is
greater than for the ordinary ray, and the former is
refracted nearer to the axis than the latter, as quartz
and ice; -- opposed to negative crystal, or one in which
this characteristic is reversed, as Iceland spar,
tourmaline, etc.
Positive degree (Gram.), that state of an adjective or
adverb which denotes simple quality, without comparison or
relation to increase or diminution; as, wise, noble.
Positive electricity (Elec), the kind of electricity which
is developed when glass is rubbed with silk, or which
appears at that pole of a voltaic battery attached to the
plate that is not attacked by the exciting liquid; --
formerly called vitreous electricity; -- opposed to
negative electricity.
Positive eyepiece. See under Eyepiece.
Positive law. See Municipal law, under Law.
Positive motion (Mach.), motion which is derived from a
driver through unyielding intermediate pieces, or by
direct contact, and not through elastic connections, nor
by means of friction, gravity, etc.; definite motion.
Positive philosophy. See Positivism.
Positive pole.
(a) (Elec.) The pole of a battery or pile which yields
positive or vitreous electricity; -- opposed to
negative pole.
(b) (Magnetism) The north pole. [R.]
Positive quantity (Alg.), an affirmative quantity, or one
affected by the sign plus [+].
Positive rotation (Mech.), left-handed rotation.
Positive sign (Math.), the sign [+] denoting plus, or more,
or addition.
[1913 Webster] |
Symbolical philosophy
(gcide) | Symbolic \Sym*bol"ic\, Symbolical \Sym*bol"ic*al\, a. [L.
symbolicus, Gr. symboliko`s: cf. F. symbolique.]
Of or pertaining to a symbol or symbols; of the nature of a
symbol; exhibiting or expressing by resemblance or signs;
representative; as, the figure of an eye is symbolic of sight
and knowledge. -- Sym*bol"ic*al*ly, adv. --
Sym*bol"ic*al*ness, n.
[1913 Webster]
The sacrament is a representation of Christ's death by
such symbolical actions as he himself appointed. --Jer.
Taylor.
[1913 Webster]
Symbolical delivery (Law), the delivery of property sold by
delivering something else as a symbol, token, or
representative of it. --Bouvier. Chitty.
Symbolical philosophy, the philosophy expressed by
hieroglyphics.
[1913 Webster] |
department of philosophy
(wn) | department of philosophy
n 1: the academic department responsible for teaching philosophy
[syn: philosophy department, department of philosophy] |
doctor of philosophy
(wn) | Doctor of Philosophy
n 1: a doctorate awarded for original contributions to knowledge |
empiricist philosophy
(wn) | empiricist philosophy
n 1: (philosophy) the doctrine that knowledge derives from
experience [syn: empiricism, empiricist philosophy,
sensationalism] |
existential philosophy
(wn) | existential philosophy
n 1: (philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement chiefly
in Europe; assumes that people are entirely free and thus
responsible for what they make of themselves [syn:
existentialism, existential philosophy, {existentialist
philosophy}] |
existentialist philosophy
(wn) | existentialist philosophy
n 1: (philosophy) a 20th-century philosophical movement chiefly
in Europe; assumes that people are entirely free and thus
responsible for what they make of themselves [syn:
existentialism, existential philosophy, {existentialist
philosophy}] |
legal philosophy
(wn) | legal philosophy
n 1: the branch of philosophy concerned with the law and the
principles that lead courts to make the decisions they do
[syn: jurisprudence, law, legal philosophy] |
moral philosophy
(wn) | moral philosophy
n 1: the philosophical study of moral values and rules [syn:
ethics, moral philosophy] |
natural philosophy
(wn) | natural philosophy
n 1: the science of matter and energy and their interactions;
"his favorite subject was physics" [syn: physics,
natural philosophy] |
philosophy department
(wn) | philosophy department
n 1: the academic department responsible for teaching philosophy
[syn: philosophy department, department of philosophy] |
transcendental philosophy
(wn) | transcendental philosophy
n 1: any system of philosophy emphasizing the intuitive and
spiritual above the empirical and material [syn:
transcendentalism, transcendental philosophy] |
|