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machine language
(encz) | machine language,strojový jazyk web |
Machine language
(gcide) | Language \Lan"guage\, n. [OE. langage, F. langage, fr. L. lingua
the tongue, hence speech, language; akin to E. tongue. See
Tongue, cf. Lingual.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Any means of conveying or communicating ideas;
specifically, human speech; the expression of ideas by the
voice; sounds, expressive of thought, articulated by the
organs of the throat and mouth.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Language consists in the oral utterance of sounds which
usage has made the representatives of ideas. When two
or more persons customarily annex the same sounds to
the same ideas, the expression of these sounds by one
person communicates his ideas to another. This is the
primary sense of language, the use of which is to
communicate the thoughts of one person to another
through the organs of hearing. Articulate sounds are
represented to the eye by letters, marks, or
characters, which form words.
[1913 Webster]
2. The expression of ideas by writing, or any other
instrumentality.
[1913 Webster]
3. The forms of speech, or the methods of expressing ideas,
peculiar to a particular nation.
[1913 Webster]
4. The characteristic mode of arranging words, peculiar to an
individual speaker or writer; manner of expression; style.
[1913 Webster]
Others for language all their care express. --Pope.
[1913 Webster]
5. The inarticulate sounds by which animals inferior to man
express their feelings or their wants.
[1913 Webster]
6. The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of
ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers.
[1913 Webster]
There was . . . language in their very gesture.
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
7. The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or
department of knowledge; as, medical language; the
language of chemistry or theology.
[1913 Webster]
8. A race, as distinguished by its speech. [R.]
[1913 Webster]
All the people, the nations, and the languages, fell
down and worshiped the golden image. --Dan. iii. 7.
[1913 Webster]
9. Any system of symbols created for the purpose of
communicating ideas, emotions, commands, etc., between
sentient agents.
[PJC]
10. Specifically: (computers) Any set of symbols and the
rules for combining them which are used to specify to a
computer the actions that it is to take; also referred to
as a computer lanugage or programming language; as,
JAVA is a new and flexible high-level language which has
achieved popularity very rapidly.
[PJC]
Note: Computer languages are classed a low-level if each
instruction specifies only one operation of the
computer, or high-level if each instruction may specify
a complex combination of operations. Machine language
and assembly language are low-level computer
languages. FORTRAN, COBOL and C are high-level
computer languages. Other computer languages, such as
JAVA, allow even more complex combinations of low-level
operations to be performed with a single command. Many
programs, such as databases, are supplied with special
languages adapted to manipulate the objects of concern
for that specific program. These are also high-level
languages.
[PJC]
Language master, a teacher of languages. [Obs.]
Syn: Speech; tongue; idiom; dialect; phraseology; diction;
discourse; conversation; talk.
Usage: Language, Speech, Tongue, Idiom, Dialect.
Language is generic, denoting, in its most extended
use, any mode of conveying ideas; speech is the
language of articulate sounds; tongue is the
Anglo-Saxon term for language, esp. for spoken
language; as, the English tongue. Idiom denotes the
forms of construction peculiar to a particular
language; dialects are varieties of expression which
spring up in different parts of a country among people
speaking substantially the same language.
[1913 Webster] |
machine language
(gcide) | machine language \machine language\ n. (Computers)
a set of instructions[3] in a binary form that can be
executed directly by the CPU of a computer without
translation by a computer program.
Syn: machine code, binary code.
[WordNet 1.5 +PJC] machinelike |
machine language
(wn) | machine language
n 1: a programming language designed for use on a specific class
of computers [syn: computer language, {computer-oriented
language}, machine language, machine-oriented language]
2: a set of instructions coded so that the computer can use it
directly without further translation [syn: machine code,
machine language] |
machine language
(foldoc) | machine code
machine language
The representation of a computer program that is
read and interpreted by the computer hardware (rather than by
some other machine code program). A program in machine code
consists of a sequence of "instructions" (possibly
interspersed with data). An instruction is a binary string,
(often written as one or more octal, decimal or
hexadecimal numbers). Instructions may be all the same size
(e.g. one 32-bit word for many modern RISC
microprocessors) or of different sizes, in which case the
size of the instruction is determined from the first word
(e.g. Motorola 68000) or byte (e.g. Inmos
transputer). The collection of all possible instructions
for a particular computer is known as its "instruction set".
Each instruction typically causes the {Central Processing
Unit} to perform some fairly simple operation like loading a
value from memory into a register or adding the numbers in
two registers. An instruction consists of an op code and
zero or more operands. Different processors have different
instruction sets - the collection of possible operations
they can perform.
Execution of machine code may either be hard-wired into the
central processing unit or it may be controlled by
microcode. The basic execution cycle consists of fetching
the next instruction from main memory, decoding it
(determining which action the operation code specifies and
the location of any arguments) and executing it by opening
various gates (e.g. to allow data to flow from main memory
into a CPU register) and enabling functional units
(e.g. signalling to the ALU to perform an addition).
Humans almost never write programs directly in machine code.
Instead, they use programming languages. The simplest kind
of programming language is assembly language which usually
has a one-to-one correspondence with the resulting machine
code instructions but allows the use of mnemonics (ASCII
strings) for the "op codes" (the part of the instruction
which encodes the basic type of operation to perform) and
names for locations in the program (branch labels) and for
variables and constants. Other languages are either
translated by a compiler into machine code or executed by an
interpreter
(2009-06-16)
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| | podobné slovo | definícia |
Machine language
(gcide) | Language \Lan"guage\, n. [OE. langage, F. langage, fr. L. lingua
the tongue, hence speech, language; akin to E. tongue. See
Tongue, cf. Lingual.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Any means of conveying or communicating ideas;
specifically, human speech; the expression of ideas by the
voice; sounds, expressive of thought, articulated by the
organs of the throat and mouth.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Language consists in the oral utterance of sounds which
usage has made the representatives of ideas. When two
or more persons customarily annex the same sounds to
the same ideas, the expression of these sounds by one
person communicates his ideas to another. This is the
primary sense of language, the use of which is to
communicate the thoughts of one person to another
through the organs of hearing. Articulate sounds are
represented to the eye by letters, marks, or
characters, which form words.
[1913 Webster]
2. The expression of ideas by writing, or any other
instrumentality.
[1913 Webster]
3. The forms of speech, or the methods of expressing ideas,
peculiar to a particular nation.
[1913 Webster]
4. The characteristic mode of arranging words, peculiar to an
individual speaker or writer; manner of expression; style.
[1913 Webster]
Others for language all their care express. --Pope.
[1913 Webster]
5. The inarticulate sounds by which animals inferior to man
express their feelings or their wants.
[1913 Webster]
6. The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of
ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers.
[1913 Webster]
There was . . . language in their very gesture.
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
7. The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or
department of knowledge; as, medical language; the
language of chemistry or theology.
[1913 Webster]
8. A race, as distinguished by its speech. [R.]
[1913 Webster]
All the people, the nations, and the languages, fell
down and worshiped the golden image. --Dan. iii. 7.
[1913 Webster]
9. Any system of symbols created for the purpose of
communicating ideas, emotions, commands, etc., between
sentient agents.
[PJC]
10. Specifically: (computers) Any set of symbols and the
rules for combining them which are used to specify to a
computer the actions that it is to take; also referred to
as a computer lanugage or programming language; as,
JAVA is a new and flexible high-level language which has
achieved popularity very rapidly.
[PJC]
Note: Computer languages are classed a low-level if each
instruction specifies only one operation of the
computer, or high-level if each instruction may specify
a complex combination of operations. Machine language
and assembly language are low-level computer
languages. FORTRAN, COBOL and C are high-level
computer languages. Other computer languages, such as
JAVA, allow even more complex combinations of low-level
operations to be performed with a single command. Many
programs, such as databases, are supplied with special
languages adapted to manipulate the objects of concern
for that specific program. These are also high-level
languages.
[PJC]
Language master, a teacher of languages. [Obs.]
Syn: Speech; tongue; idiom; dialect; phraseology; diction;
discourse; conversation; talk.
Usage: Language, Speech, Tongue, Idiom, Dialect.
Language is generic, denoting, in its most extended
use, any mode of conveying ideas; speech is the
language of articulate sounds; tongue is the
Anglo-Saxon term for language, esp. for spoken
language; as, the English tongue. Idiom denotes the
forms of construction peculiar to a particular
language; dialects are varieties of expression which
spring up in different parts of a country among people
speaking substantially the same language.
[1913 Webster]machine language \machine language\ n. (Computers)
a set of instructions[3] in a binary form that can be
executed directly by the CPU of a computer without
translation by a computer program.
Syn: machine code, binary code.
[WordNet 1.5 +PJC] machinelike |
categorical abstract machine language
(foldoc) | Categorical Abstract Machine Language
(Originally "CAML" - Categorical Abstract Machine
Language) A version of ML by G. Huet, G. Cousineau, Ascander
Suarez, Pierre Weis, Michel Mauny and others of INRIA and
ENS. CAML is intermediate between LCF ML and SML [in
what sense?]. It has first-class functions, {static type
inference} with polymorphic types, user-defined {variant
types} and product types, and pattern matching. It is
built on a proprietary run-time system.
The CAML V3.1 implementation added lazy and mutable data
structures, a "grammar" mechanism for interfacing with the
Yacc parser generator, pretty-printing tools,
high-performance arbitrary-precision arithmetic, and a
complete library. CAML V3 is often nicknamed "heavy CAML",
because of its heavy memory and CPU requirements compared to
Caml Light.
in 1990 Xavier Leroy and Damien Doligez designed a new
implementation called Caml Light, freeing the previous
implementation from too many experimental high-level features,
and more importantly, from the old Le_Lisp back-end.
Following the addition of a native-code compiler and a
powerful module system in 1995 and of the object and
class layer in 1996, the project's name was changed to
Objective Caml.
["The CAML Reference Manual", P. Weis et al, TR INRIA-ENS,
1989].
(2003-04-12)
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