| slovo | definícia |
grammar
(mass) | grammar
- cvičebnica |
grammar
(encz) | grammar,gramatika n: |
grammar
(encz) | grammar,mluvnice n: Zdeněk Brož |
Grammar
(gcide) | Grammar \Gram"mar\, v. i.
To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use
grammar. [Obs.] --Beau. & Fl.
[1913 Webster] |
Grammar
(gcide) | Grammar \Gram"mar\, n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire
Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr ?, fem. of ? skilled in grammar,
fr. ? letter. See Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical,
Gramarye.]
1. The science which treats of the principles of language;
the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one
another; the art concerned with the right use and
application of the rules of a language, in speaking or
writing.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying
of words according to their function in the sentence.
--Bain.
[1913 Webster]
2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or
according to established usage; speech considered with
regard to the rules of a grammar.
[1913 Webster]
The original bad grammar and bad spelling.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book
containing the principles and rules for correctness in
speaking or writing.
[1913 Webster]
4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as,
a grammar of geography.
[1913 Webster]
Comparative grammar, the science which determines the
relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing
their grammatical forms.
Grammar school.
(a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek
grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory
to colleges or universities; as, the famous Rugby
Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in
England than in the United States.
[1913 Webster]
When any town shall increase to the number of a
hundred
families or householders, they shall set up a
grammar school, the master thereof being able to
instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for
the University. --Mass.
Records
(1647).
(b) In the American system of graded common schools, at
one time the term referred to an intermediate school
between the primary school and the high school, in
which the principles of English grammar were taught;
now, it is synonymous with primary school or
elementary school, being the first school at which
children are taught subjects required by the state
educational laws. In different communities, the
grammar school (primary school) may have grades 1 to
4, 1 to 6, or 1 to 8, usually together with a
kindergarten. Schools between the primary school and
high school are now commonly termed middle school or
intermediate school.
[1913 Webster +PJC] |
grammar
(wn) | grammar
n 1: the branch of linguistics that deals with syntax and
morphology (and sometimes also deals with semantics) |
grammar
(foldoc) | grammar
A formal definition of the syntactic structure (the
syntax) of a language.
A grammar is normally represented as a set of {production
rules} which specify the order of constituents and their
sub-constituents in a sentence (a well-formed string in the
language). Each rule has a left-hand side symbol naming a
syntactic category (e.g. "noun-phrase" for a {natural
language} grammar) and a right-hand side which is a sequence
of zero or more symbols. Each symbol may be either a
terminal symbol or a non-terminal symbol. A terminal symbol
corresponds to one "lexeme" - a part of the sentence with no
internal syntactic structure (e.g. an identifier or an
operator in a computer language). A non-terminal symbol is
the left-hand side of some rule.
One rule is normally designated as the top-level rule which
gives the structure for a whole sentence.
A parser (a kind of recogniser) uses a grammar to parse a
sentence, assigning a terminal syntactic category to each
input token and a non-terminal category to each appropriate
group of tokens, up to the level of the whole sentence.
Parsing is usually preceded by lexical analysis. The
opposite, generation, starts from the top-level rule and
chooses one alternative production wherever there is a choice.
In computing, a formal grammar, e.g. in BNF, can be used to
parse a linear input stream, such as the source code of a
program, into a data structure that expresses the (or a)
meaning of the input in a form that is easier for the computer
to work with. A compiler compiler like yacc might be used
to convert a grammar into code for the parser of a compiler.
A grammar might also be used by a transducer, a translator
or a syntax directed editor.
See also attribute grammar.
(2009-02-06)
|
grammar
(devil) | GRAMMAR, n. A system of pitfalls thoughtfully prepared for the feet
for the self-made man, along the path by which he advances to
distinction.
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
generative grammar
(encz) | generative grammar, |
grammar school
(encz) | grammar school,gymnázium |
grammarian
(encz) | grammarian,gramatik n: Zdeněk Brož |
grammars
(encz) | grammars,gramatiky n: pl. Zdeněk Brož |
rule of grammar
(encz) | rule of grammar, n: |
Comparative grammar
(gcide) | Grammar \Gram"mar\, n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire
Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr ?, fem. of ? skilled in grammar,
fr. ? letter. See Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical,
Gramarye.]
1. The science which treats of the principles of language;
the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one
another; the art concerned with the right use and
application of the rules of a language, in speaking or
writing.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying
of words according to their function in the sentence.
--Bain.
[1913 Webster]
2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or
according to established usage; speech considered with
regard to the rules of a grammar.
[1913 Webster]
The original bad grammar and bad spelling.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book
containing the principles and rules for correctness in
speaking or writing.
[1913 Webster]
4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as,
a grammar of geography.
[1913 Webster]
Comparative grammar, the science which determines the
relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing
their grammatical forms.
Grammar school.
(a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek
grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory
to colleges or universities; as, the famous Rugby
Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in
England than in the United States.
[1913 Webster]
When any town shall increase to the number of a
hundred
families or householders, they shall set up a
grammar school, the master thereof being able to
instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for
the University. --Mass.
Records
(1647).
(b) In the American system of graded common schools, at
one time the term referred to an intermediate school
between the primary school and the high school, in
which the principles of English grammar were taught;
now, it is synonymous with primary school or
elementary school, being the first school at which
children are taught subjects required by the state
educational laws. In different communities, the
grammar school (primary school) may have grades 1 to
4, 1 to 6, or 1 to 8, usually together with a
kindergarten. Schools between the primary school and
high school are now commonly termed middle school or
intermediate school.
[1913 Webster +PJC] |
Grammar
(gcide) | Grammar \Gram"mar\, v. i.
To discourse according to the rules of grammar; to use
grammar. [Obs.] --Beau. & Fl.
[1913 Webster]Grammar \Gram"mar\, n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire
Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr ?, fem. of ? skilled in grammar,
fr. ? letter. See Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical,
Gramarye.]
1. The science which treats of the principles of language;
the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one
another; the art concerned with the right use and
application of the rules of a language, in speaking or
writing.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying
of words according to their function in the sentence.
--Bain.
[1913 Webster]
2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or
according to established usage; speech considered with
regard to the rules of a grammar.
[1913 Webster]
The original bad grammar and bad spelling.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book
containing the principles and rules for correctness in
speaking or writing.
[1913 Webster]
4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as,
a grammar of geography.
[1913 Webster]
Comparative grammar, the science which determines the
relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing
their grammatical forms.
Grammar school.
(a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek
grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory
to colleges or universities; as, the famous Rugby
Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in
England than in the United States.
[1913 Webster]
When any town shall increase to the number of a
hundred
families or householders, they shall set up a
grammar school, the master thereof being able to
instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for
the University. --Mass.
Records
(1647).
(b) In the American system of graded common schools, at
one time the term referred to an intermediate school
between the primary school and the high school, in
which the principles of English grammar were taught;
now, it is synonymous with primary school or
elementary school, being the first school at which
children are taught subjects required by the state
educational laws. In different communities, the
grammar school (primary school) may have grades 1 to
4, 1 to 6, or 1 to 8, usually together with a
kindergarten. Schools between the primary school and
high school are now commonly termed middle school or
intermediate school.
[1913 Webster +PJC] |
Grammar school
(gcide) | Grammar \Gram"mar\, n. [OE. gramere, OF. gramaire, F. grammaire
Prob. fr. L. gramatica Gr ?, fem. of ? skilled in grammar,
fr. ? letter. See Gramme, Graphic, and cf. Grammatical,
Gramarye.]
1. The science which treats of the principles of language;
the study of forms of speech, and their relations to one
another; the art concerned with the right use and
application of the rules of a language, in speaking or
writing.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The whole fabric of grammar rests upon the classifying
of words according to their function in the sentence.
--Bain.
[1913 Webster]
2. The art of speaking or writing with correctness or
according to established usage; speech considered with
regard to the rules of a grammar.
[1913 Webster]
The original bad grammar and bad spelling.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
3. A treatise on the principles of language; a book
containing the principles and rules for correctness in
speaking or writing.
[1913 Webster]
4. treatise on the elements or principles of any science; as,
a grammar of geography.
[1913 Webster]
Comparative grammar, the science which determines the
relations of kindred languages by examining and comparing
their grammatical forms.
Grammar school.
(a) A school, usually endowed, in which Latin and Greek
grammar are taught, as also other studies preparatory
to colleges or universities; as, the famous Rugby
Grammar School. This use of the word is more common in
England than in the United States.
[1913 Webster]
When any town shall increase to the number of a
hundred
families or householders, they shall set up a
grammar school, the master thereof being able to
instruct youth so far as they may be fitted for
the University. --Mass.
Records
(1647).
(b) In the American system of graded common schools, at
one time the term referred to an intermediate school
between the primary school and the high school, in
which the principles of English grammar were taught;
now, it is synonymous with primary school or
elementary school, being the first school at which
children are taught subjects required by the state
educational laws. In different communities, the
grammar school (primary school) may have grades 1 to
4, 1 to 6, or 1 to 8, usually together with a
kindergarten. Schools between the primary school and
high school are now commonly termed middle school or
intermediate school.
[1913 Webster +PJC] |
Grammarian
(gcide) | Grammarian \Gram*ma"ri*an\, n. [Cf. F. grammairien.]
1. One versed in grammar, or the construction of languages; a
philologist.
[1913 Webster]
Note: "The term was used by the classic ancients as a term of
honorable distinction for all who were considered
learned in any art or faculty whatever." --Brande & C.
[1913 Webster]
2. One who writes on, or teaches, grammar.
[1913 Webster] |
Grammarianism
(gcide) | Grammarianism \Gram*ma"ri*an*ism\, n.
The principles, practices, or peculiarities of grammarians.
[R.]
[1913 Webster] |
Grammarless
(gcide) | Grammarless \Gram"mar*less\, a.
Without grammar.
[1913 Webster] |
Neogrammarian
(gcide) | Neogrammarian \Ne`o*gram*ma"ri*an\, n. [Neo- + grammarian; a
translation of G. junggrammatiker.]
One of a group of philologists who apply phonetic laws more
widely and strictly than was formerly done, and who maintain
that these laws admit of no real exceptions. --
Ne`o*gram*mat"ic*al, a.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] |
Universal grammar
(gcide) | Universal grammar \U`ni*ver"sal gram"mar\, n.
1. (Linguistics) the principles forming the basis for the
human ability to understand language.
[PJC]
2. (Linguistics) the general properties and constraints
common to all human languages; also, the study of such
principles.
[PJC] |
descriptive grammar
(wn) | descriptive grammar
n 1: a grammar that is produced by descriptive linguistics |
generative grammar
(wn) | generative grammar
n 1: (linguistics) a type of grammar that describes syntax in
terms of a set of logical rules that can generate all and
only the infinite number of grammatical sentences in a
language and assigns them all the correct structural
description |
grammar school
(wn) | grammar school
n 1: a secondary school emphasizing Latin and Greek in
preparation for college
2: a school for young children; usually the first 6 or 8 grades
[syn: grade school, grammar school, elementary school,
primary school] |
grammarian
(wn) | grammarian
n 1: a linguist who specializes in the study of grammar and
syntax [syn: grammarian, syntactician] |
prescriptive grammar
(wn) | prescriptive grammar
n 1: a grammar that is produced by prescriptive linguistics |
rule of grammar
(wn) | rule of grammar
n 1: a linguistic rule for the syntax of grammatical utterances
[syn: grammatical rule, rule of grammar] |
candygrammar
(foldoc) | candygrammar
A programming-language grammar that is mostly
syntactic sugar; a play on "candygram". COBOL, {Apple
Computer}'s Hypertalk language, and many 4GLs share this
property. The intent is to be as English-like as possible and
thus easier for unskilled people to program. However,
syntax isn't what makes programming hard; it's the mental
effort and organisation required to specify an algorithm
precisely. Thus "candygrammar" languages are just as
difficult to program in, and far more painful for the
experienced hacker.
GLS notes: The overtones from the 1977 Chevy Chase "Jaws"
parody on Saturday Night Live should not be overlooked.
Someone lurking outside an apartment door tries to get the
occupant to open up, while ominous music plays in the
background. The last attempt is a half-hearted "Candygram!"
When the door is opened, a shark bursts in and chomps the poor
occupant. There is a moral here for those attracted to
candygrammars.
[Jargon File]
(2004-09-23)
|
context-free grammar
(foldoc) | context-free grammar
CFG
(CFG) A grammar where the syntax of each constituent
(syntactic category or terminal symbol) is independent of the
symbols occuring before and after it in a sentence. A
context-free grammar describes a context-free language.
Context-free grammars can be expressed by a set of "production
rules" or syntactic rules. For example, a language with symbols
"a" and "b" that must occur in unequal numbers can be represented
by the CFG:
S → U | V
U → TaU | TaT | UaT
V → TbV | TbT | VbT
T → aTbT | bTaT | ε
meaning the top-level category "S" consists of either a "U" or a
"V" and so on. The special category "ε" represents the empty
string. This grammar is context-free because each rule has a
single symbol on its left-hand side.
Parsers for context-free grammars are simpler than those for
context-dependent grammars because the parser need only know the
current symbol.
Algol was (one of?) the first languages whose syntax was
described by a context-free grammar. This became a common
practice for programming languages and led to the notation for
grammars called Backus-Naur Form.
(2014-11-24)
|
extended affix grammar
(foldoc) | Extended Affix Grammar
EAG
(EAG) A formalism for describing both the
context free syntax and the context sensitive syntax of
languages.
EAGs belong to the family of two-level grammars. They are
very closely related to two-level van Wijngaarden grammars.
EAG can be used as a specification formalism, specifying in
relations rather than functions, or as a {relational
programming language} like PROLOG.
(http://www.cs.ru.nl/~kees/eag/)
(2009-02-06)
|
grammar analysis
(foldoc) | grammar analysis
A program written in ABC for answering such
questions as "what are the start symbols of all rules", "what
symbols can follow this symbol", "which rules are left
recursive", and so on. Includes a grammar of ISO Pascal.
Version 1 by Steven Pemberton .
Ports to Unix, MS-DOS, Atari, Macintosh. FTP:
ftp.eu.net, ftp.nluug.net
programming/languages/abc/examples/grammar/.
(1993-07-05)
|
pleuk grammar development system
(foldoc) | Pleuk grammar development system
A shell for grammar development by Jo
Calder , Kevin Humphreys
, Chris Brew
, and Mike Reape
. It handles various grammatical formalisms
and requires SICStus Prolog version 2.1#6 or later.
(ftp://ai.uga.edu/ai.natural.language/).
E-mail: .
(2000-07-22)
|
roskind grammars
(foldoc) | Roskind grammars
Yacc-based parsers for C and C++ by Jim
Roskind. It does not use the %prec and %assoc YACC features
so conflicts are never hidden. The C grammar has only one
shift-reduce conflict, the C++ grammar has a few more. With
byacc it can produce graphical parse trees automatically.
The C grammar conforms to ANSI C and the C++ grammar
supports cfront 2.0 constructs.
(ftp://ftp.infoseek.com/pub/c++grammar/).
(2003-10-09)
|
candygrammar
(jargon) | candygrammar
n.
A programming-language grammar that is mostly syntactic sugar; the term
is also a play on ‘candygram’. COBOL, Apple's Hypertalk language, and a
lot of the so-called ‘4GL’ database languages share this property. The
usual intent of such designs is that they be as English-like as possible,
on the theory that they will then be easier for unskilled people to
program. This intention comes to grief on the reality that syntax isn't
what makes programming hard; it's the mental effort and organization
required to specify an algorithm precisely that costs. Thus the invariable
result is that ‘candygrammar’ languages are just as difficult to program in
as terser ones, and far more painful for the experienced hacker.
[The overtones from the old Chevy Chase skit on Saturday Night Live should
not be overlooked. This was a Jaws parody. Someone lurking outside an
apartment door tries all kinds of bogus ways to get the occupant to open
up, while ominous music plays in the background. The last attempt is a
half-hearted “Candygram!” When the door is opened, a shark bursts in and
chomps the poor occupant. [There is a similar gag in “Blazing Saddles”
—ESR] There is a moral here for those attracted to candygrammars. Note
that, in many circles, pretty much the same ones who remember Monty Python
sketches, all it takes is the word “Candygram!”, suitably timed, to get
people rolling on the floor. — GLS]
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