| slovo | definícia |
quantifier
(encz) | quantifier,kvantifikátor n: Martin Ligač |
quantifier
(wn) | quantifier
n 1: (logic) a word (such as `some' or `all' or `no') that binds
the variables in a logical proposition [syn: quantifier,
logical quantifier]
2: (grammar) a word that expresses a quantity (as `fifteen' or
`many') |
quantifier
(foldoc) | quantifier
existential quantifier
universal quantifier
An operator in predicate logic specifying for which
values of a variable a formula is true. Universally
quantified means "for all values" (written with an inverted A,
LaTeX \forall) and existentially quantified means "there
exists some value" (written with a reversed E, LaTeX
\exists). To be unambiguous, the set to which the values of
the variable belong should be specified, though this is often
omitted when it is clear from the context (the "universe of
discourse"). E.g.
Forall x . P(x) not (Exists x . not P(x))
meaning that any x (in some unspecified set) has property P
which is equivalent to saying that there does not exist any x
which does not have the property.
If a variable is not quantified then it is a free variable.
In logic programming this usually means that it is actually
universally quantified.
See also first order logic.
(2002-05-21)
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
existential quantifier
(encz) | existential quantifier, n: |
logical quantifier
(encz) | logical quantifier, n: |
quantifiers
(encz) | quantifiers,kvantifikátory n: pl. Martin Ligač |
universal quantifier
(encz) | universal quantifier, n: |
existential quantifier
(wn) | existential quantifier
n 1: a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts the
existence of at least one thing for which the proposition
is true [syn: existential quantifier, {existential
operator}] |
logical quantifier
(wn) | logical quantifier
n 1: (logic) a word (such as `some' or `all' or `no') that binds
the variables in a logical proposition [syn: quantifier,
logical quantifier] |
universal quantifier
(wn) | universal quantifier
n 1: a logical quantifier of a proposition that asserts that the
proposition is true for all members of a class of things |
existential quantifier
(foldoc) | quantifier
existential quantifier
universal quantifier
An operator in predicate logic specifying for which
values of a variable a formula is true. Universally
quantified means "for all values" (written with an inverted A,
LaTeX \forall) and existentially quantified means "there
exists some value" (written with a reversed E, LaTeX
\exists). To be unambiguous, the set to which the values of
the variable belong should be specified, though this is often
omitted when it is clear from the context (the "universe of
discourse"). E.g.
Forall x . P(x) not (Exists x . not P(x))
meaning that any x (in some unspecified set) has property P
which is equivalent to saying that there does not exist any x
which does not have the property.
If a variable is not quantified then it is a free variable.
In logic programming this usually means that it is actually
universally quantified.
See also first order logic.
(2002-05-21)
|
universal quantifier
(foldoc) | quantifier
existential quantifier
universal quantifier
An operator in predicate logic specifying for which
values of a variable a formula is true. Universally
quantified means "for all values" (written with an inverted A,
LaTeX \forall) and existentially quantified means "there
exists some value" (written with a reversed E, LaTeX
\exists). To be unambiguous, the set to which the values of
the variable belong should be specified, though this is often
omitted when it is clear from the context (the "universe of
discourse"). E.g.
Forall x . P(x) not (Exists x . not P(x))
meaning that any x (in some unspecified set) has property P
which is equivalent to saying that there does not exist any x
which does not have the property.
If a variable is not quantified then it is a free variable.
In logic programming this usually means that it is actually
universally quantified.
See also first order logic.
(2002-05-21)
|
quantifiers
(jargon) | quantifiers
In techspeak and jargon, the standard metric prefixes used in the SI
(Système International) conventions for scientific measurement have dual
uses. With units of time or things that come in powers of 10, such as
money, they retain their usual meanings of multiplication by powers of 1000
= 10^3. But when used with bytes or other things that naturally come in
powers of 2, they usually denote multiplication by powers of 1024 = 2^10.
Here are the SI magnifying prefixes, along with the corresponding binary
interpretations in common use:
prefix decimal binary
kilo- 1000^1 1024^1 = 2^10 = 1,024
mega- 1000^2 1024^2 = 2^20 = 1,048,576
giga- 1000^3 1024^3 = 2^30 = 1,073,741,824
tera- 1000^4 1024^4 = 2^40 = 1,099,511,627,776
peta- 1000^5 1024^5 = 2^50 = 1,125,899,906,842,624
exa- 1000^6 1024^6 = 2^60 = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976
zetta- 1000^7 1024^7 = 2^70 = 1,180,591,620,717,411,303,424
yotta- 1000^8 1024^8 = 2^80 = 1,208,925,819,614,629,174,706,176
Here are the SI fractional prefixes:
prefix decimal jargon usage
milli- 1000^-1 (seldom used in jargon)
micro- 1000^-2 small or human-scale (see micro-)
nano- 1000^-3 even smaller (see nano-)
pico- 1000^-4 even smaller yet (see pico-)
femto- 1000^-5 (not used in jargon—yet)
atto- 1000^-6 (not used in jargon—yet)
zepto- 1000^-7 (not used in jargon—yet)
yocto- 1000^-8 (not used in jargon—yet)
The prefixes zetta-, yotta-, zepto-, and yocto- have been included in these
tables purely for completeness and giggle value; they were adopted in 1990
by the 19th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures. The binary peta- and
exa- loadings, though well established, are not in jargon use either — yet.
The prefix milli-, denoting multiplication by 1/1000, has always been rare
in jargon (there is, however, a standard joke about the millihelen —
notionally, the amount of beauty required to launch one ship). See the
entries on micro-, pico-, and nano- for more information on
connotative jargon use of these terms. ‘Femto’ and ‘atto’ (which,
interestingly, derive not from Greek but from Danish) have not yet acquired
jargon loadings, though it is easy to predict what those will be once
computing technology enters the required realms of magnitude (however, see
attoparsec).
There are, of course, some standard unit prefixes for powers of 10. In the
following table, the ‘prefix’ column is the international standard prefix
for the appropriate power of ten; the ‘binary’ column lists jargon
abbreviations and words for the corresponding power of 2. The B-suffixed
forms are commonly used for byte quantities; the words ‘meg’ and ‘gig’ are
nouns that may (but do not always) pluralize with ‘s’.
prefix decimal binary pronunciation}
kilo- k K, KB, kay
mega- M M, MB, meg meg
giga- G G, GB, gig gig,jig
Confusingly, hackers often use K or M as though they were suffix or numeric
multipliers rather than a prefix; thus “2K dollars”, “2M of disk space”.
This is also true (though less commonly) of G.
Note that the formal SI metric prefix for 1000 is ‘k’; some use this
strictly, reserving ‘K’ for multiplication by 1024 (KB is thus
‘kilobytes’).
K, M, and G used alone refer to quantities of bytes; thus, 64G is 64
gigabytes and ‘a K’ is a kilobyte (compare mainstream use of ‘a G’ as short
for ‘a grand’, that is, $1000). Whether one pronounces ‘gig’ with hard or
soft ‘g’ depends on what one thinks the proper pronunciation of ‘giga-’ is.
Confusing 1000 and 1024 (or other powers of 2 and 10 close in magnitude) —
for example, describing a memory in units of 500K or 524K instead of 512K —
is a sure sign of the marketroid. One example of this: it is common to
refer to the capacity of 3.5" floppies as ‘1.44 MB’ In fact, this is a
completely bogus number. The correct size is 1440 KB, that is, 1440 *
1024 = 1474560 bytes. So the ‘mega’ in ‘1.44 MB’ is compounded of two
‘kilos’, one of which is 1024 and the other of which is 1000. The correct
number of megabytes would of course be 1440 / 1024 = 1.40625. Alas, this
fine point is probably lost on the world forever. [1993 update: hacker
Morgan Burke has proposed, to general approval on Usenet, the following
additional prefixes:
┌────────┬──────┐
│groucho │10^-30│
├────────┼──────┤
│harpo │10^-27│
├────────┼──────┤
│harpi │10^27 │
├────────┼──────┤
│grouchi │10^30 │
└────────┴──────┘
We observe that this would leave the prefixes zeppo-, gummo-, and chico-
available for future expansion. Sadly, there is little immediate prospect
that Mr. Burke's eminently sensible proposal will be ratified.]
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