| slovo | definícia |
synthesis
(encz) | synthesis,syntéza n: [chem.] mamm |
Synthesis
(gcide) | Synthesis \Syn"the*sis\, n.; pl. Syntheses. [L., a mixture,
properly, a putting together, Gr. ?, fr. ? to place or put
together; sy`n with + ? to place. See Thesis.]
1. Composition, or the putting of two or more things
together, as in compounding medicines.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Chem.) The art or process of making a compound by putting
the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis;
thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen;
hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds
by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are
so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in
every respect with the natural articles when such occur;
thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin,
etc., are made by synthesis.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Logic) The combination of separate elements of thought
into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions,
species into genera, individual propositions into systems;
-- the opposite of analysis.
[1913 Webster]
Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as
two different methods, are, if properly understood,
only the two necessary parts of the same method.
Each is the relative and correlative of the other.
--Sir W.
Hamilton.
[1913 Webster] |
synthesis
(wn) | synthesis
n 1: the process of producing a chemical compound (usually by
the union of simpler chemical compounds)
2: the combination of ideas into a complex whole [syn:
synthesis, synthetic thinking] [ant: analysis,
analytic thinking]
3: reasoning from the general to the particular (or from cause
to effect) [syn: deduction, deductive reasoning,
synthesis] |
synthesis
(foldoc) | synthesis
The process of deriving
(efficient) programs from (clear) specifications.
See also program transformation.
(1996-08-23)
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| | podobné slovo | definícia |
bacterial photosynthesis
(encz) | bacterial photosynthesis,bakteriální fotosyntéza [eko.] RNDr. Pavel
Piskač |
biosynthesis
(encz) | biosynthesis,biosyntéza Jaroslav Šedivý |
chemosynthesis
(encz) | chemosynthesis, |
mental synthesis
(encz) | mental synthesis, n: |
nucleosynthesis
(encz) | nucleosynthesis, n: |
photosynthesis
(encz) | photosynthesis,fotosyntéza n: [bio.] |
photosynthesis of plants
(encz) | photosynthesis of plants,fotosyntéza rostlin [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
synthesise
(encz) | synthesise,syntetizovat v: Zdeněk Brož |
synthesised
(encz) | synthesised,syntetizovaný adj: Zdeněk Brož |
synthesiser
(encz) | synthesiser,syntetizátor n: Zdeněk Brož |
synthesist
(encz) | synthesist,syntetik n: Zdeněk Brož |
biosynthesis
(gcide) | biosynthesis \biosynthesis\ n.
1. production of a chemical compound by a living organism.
Syn: biogenesis.
[WordNet 1.5]
2. the production of chemical substances by use of reagents
or enzymes derived from living organisms, in reactions
modeled on those observed in living organisms.
[PJC] |
Chemosynthesis
(gcide) | Chemosynthesis \Chem`o*syn"the*sis\, n. [Chemical + synthesis.]
(Plant Physiol.)
Synthesis of organic compounds by energy derived from
chemical changes or reactions. Chemosynthesis of
carbohydrates occurs in the nitrite bacteria through the
oxidation of ammonia to nitrous acid, and in the nitrate
bacteria through the conversion of nitrous into nitric acid.
-- Chem`o*syn*thet"ic, a.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] Chemotaxis |
Photosynthesis
(gcide) | Photosynthesis \Pho`to*syn"the*sis\, n. (Plant Physiol.)
The process of constructive metabolism in which green plants
utilize the energy of sunlight to manufacture carbohydrates
from carbon dioxide and water in the presence of chlorophyll.
It was formerly called assimilation, but this is now
commonly used as in animal physiology. --
Pho`to*syn*thet"ic, a. -- Pho`to*syn*thet"ic*al*ly, adv.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
Note: In green plants water is absorbed by the roots and
carried to the leaves by the xylem, and carbon dioxide
is obtained from air that enters the leaves through the
stomata and diffuses to the cells containing
chlorophyll. The green pigment chlorophyll is uniquely
capable of converting the active energy of light into a
latent form that can be stored (in food) and used when
needed.
The initial process in photosynthesis is the
decomposition of water (H2O) into oxygen, which is
released, and hydrogen; direct light is required for
this process. The hydrogen and the carbon and oxygen of
carbon dioxide (CO2) are then converted into a series
of increasingly complex compounds that result finally
in a stable organic compound, glucose (C6H12O6 ), and
water. This phase of photosynthesis utilizes stored
energy and therefore can proceed in the dark. The
simplified equation used to represent this overall
process is 6CO2+12H2O+energy=C6H12O6+6O2+6H2 O. In
general, the results of this process are the reverse of
those in respiration, in which carbohydrates are
oxidized to release energy, with the production of
carbon dioxide and water.
The intermediary reactions before glucose is formed
involve several enzymes, which react with the coenzyme
ATP (see adenosine triphosphate ) to produce various
molecules. Studies using radioactive carbon have
indicated that among the intermediate products are
three-carbon molecules from which acids and amino
acids, as well as glucose, are derived.
--http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/sci/A0860378.html
Note: The role of chlorophyll
Chlorophyll contains a hydrophyllic head group and a
hydrophobic tail region. A magnesium atom is held in
the center of a cyclic, conjugated double bond
porphyrin ring which is responsible for absorbing red
light. (There also is an absorption band in the blue.
Thus red and blue are absorbed and green passes
through, giving plants a characteristic green color.)
Light is absorbed by antenna chlorophyll molecules,
then transferred to the reaction center chlorophylls.
Some hundreds of antenna chlorophyll molecules transfer
energy to a reaction center, with transfer times of
about 10-10 sec from the edge of the unit to the
center.
The energy from light is used to pump H+ ions from the
stroma into the thylakoid space and to reduce NADP+ to
NADPH. Flow of H+ back into the stroma releases energy
which is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP. The
chemiosmotic coupling is working here in a similar way
to the mechanism of ATP generation used in
mitochondria.
Carbon Fixation Carbon fixation is catalyzed by
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (RuBP carboxylase),
the world's most abundent enzyme.
The
Calvin cycle combines three carbon dioxide molecules into
one molecule of three carbon glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate.
Some plants, particularly many which live in hot, dry
climates, have a mechanism for storing carbon dioxide by
combining it with a three carbon molecule to form a four
carbon molecule. This pathway is known as the C4 or
Hatch-Slack pathway.
--http://fig.cox.miami.edu/Faculty/Tom/bil255/bil255sum98/17_photo.html
[PJC] Phototaxis |
Polysynthesis
(gcide) | Polysynthesis \Pol`y*syn"the*sis\, n. [Poly- + synthesis.]
1. The act or process of combining many separate elements
into a whole.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Philol.) The formation of a word by the combination of
several simple words, as in the aboriginal languages of
America; agglutination. --Latham.
[1913 Webster] |
Synthesis
(gcide) | Synthesis \Syn"the*sis\, n.; pl. Syntheses. [L., a mixture,
properly, a putting together, Gr. ?, fr. ? to place or put
together; sy`n with + ? to place. See Thesis.]
1. Composition, or the putting of two or more things
together, as in compounding medicines.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Chem.) The art or process of making a compound by putting
the ingredients together, as contrasted with analysis;
thus, water is made by synthesis from hydrogen and oxygen;
hence, specifically, the building up of complex compounds
by special reactions, whereby their component radicals are
so grouped that the resulting substances are identical in
every respect with the natural articles when such occur;
thus, artificial alcohol, urea, indigo blue, alizarin,
etc., are made by synthesis.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Logic) The combination of separate elements of thought
into a whole, as of simple into complex conceptions,
species into genera, individual propositions into systems;
-- the opposite of analysis.
[1913 Webster]
Analysis and synthesis, though commonly treated as
two different methods, are, if properly understood,
only the two necessary parts of the same method.
Each is the relative and correlative of the other.
--Sir W.
Hamilton.
[1913 Webster] |
Synthesist
(gcide) | Synthesist \Syn"the*sist\, n.
One who employs synthesis, or who follows synthetic methods.
[1913 Webster] |
biosynthesis
(wn) | biosynthesis
n 1: production of a chemical compound by a living organism
[syn: biosynthesis, biogenesis] |
chemosynthesis
(wn) | chemosynthesis
n 1: synthesis of carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water;
limited to certain bacteria and fungi |
mental synthesis
(wn) | mental synthesis
n 1: the creation of a construct; the process of combining ideas
into a congruous object of thought [syn: construction,
mental synthesis] |
nucleosynthesis
(wn) | nucleosynthesis
n 1: (astronomy) the cosmic synthesis of atoms more complex than
the hydrogen atom |
photosynthesis
(wn) | photosynthesis
n 1: synthesis of compounds with the aid of radiant energy
(especially in plants) |
synthesise
(wn) | synthesise
v 1: combine so as to form a more complex, product; "his operas
synthesize music and drama in perfect harmony"; "The liver
synthesizes vitamins" [syn: synthesize, synthesise]
[ant: analyse, analyze, break down, dissect, {take
apart}] |
synthesiser
(wn) | synthesiser
n 1: an intellectual who synthesizes or uses synthetic methods
[syn: synthesist, synthesizer, synthesiser]
2: (music) an electronic instrument (usually played with a
keyboard) that generates and modifies sounds electronically
and can imitate a variety of other musical instruments [syn:
synthesizer, synthesiser] |
synthesist
(wn) | synthesist
n 1: an intellectual who synthesizes or uses synthetic methods
[syn: synthesist, synthesizer, synthesiser] |
speech synthesis
(foldoc) | speech synthesis
The generation of an sound waveform of human speech from a
textual or phonetic description. See also {speech
recognition}.
There are demonstrations which {say a number
(http://cs.yale.edu/cgi-bin/saynumber.au)} or {say a
phrase (http://wwwtios.cs.utwente.nl/say/form/)}.
|
wavetable synthesis
(foldoc) | wavetable
wavetable synthesis
A type of sound generator often built in a
sound card. A wavetable contains digitised samples of real
instrument sounds or effect (FX) sounds. A wavetable chip
often also contains a drum kit sound to faciliate rhythm
accompaniment.
A recorded wavetable sound may be edited and enhanced by
various effects (reverb, chorus) and layered with other
waveforms before writing it to ROM or RAM. The latter
type serves as user sound memory.
A wavetable generator is typically controlled by MIDI input.
When a MIDI note-on signal is detected, the output part of a
wavetable generator generates a sound with definitive pitch,
typically a musical note.
Wavetable sounds are used in games and music. The more
realistic wavetable sounds have all but replaced the earlier
synthetic FM (frequency modulation) sound generation in sound
cards but to ensure compatibility with older games etc., an FM
part is usually included.
The best known wavetable sound generators includes the {E-mu
8000} chip, used in Creative Labs' Sound Blaster AWE-32
card family and in E-mu keyboards. Other wavetable cards are
Gravis Ultra-Sound (GUS), ESS Cards, Opti, Zoltrix and many
Roland cards.
E-Mu (http://emu.com /).
AWE-32(http://edu.isy.liu.se/~d93jesno/awe32.html).
Creative Labs (http://creaf.com/).
(1997-11-04)
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