| slovo | definícia |
ibm
(encz) | IBM,Inadequate, But Marketable [zkr.] |
ibm
(foldoc) | International Business Machines
big blue
IBM
(IBM) The best known American computer manufacturer,
founded by Thomas J. Watson (born 1874-02-17), known as "Big
Blue" after the colour of its logo. IBM makes everything from
mainframes to personal computers (PCs) and has been
immensely successful in selling them, chiefly to business. It
has often been said that "Nobody has ever been sacked for
buying IBM".
The IBM PC in its various versions has been so successful
that unqualified reference to a "PC" almost certainly means a
PC from IBM, or one of the many brands of clone produced by
other manufacturers to cash in on IBM's original success.
Alternative expansions of "IBM" such as Inferior But
Marketable; It's Better Manually; Insidious Black Magic; It's
Been Malfunctioning; Incontinent Bowel Movement, illustrate
the considerable antipathy most hackers have long felt toward
the "industry leader" (see fear and loathing).
Quarterly sales $15351M, profits $689M (Aug 1994).
(http://ibm.com/).
(1999-04-07)
|
ibm
(jargon) | IBM
/I·B·M/
Once upon a time, the computer company most hackers loved to hate; today,
the one they are most puzzled to find themselves liking.
From hackerdom's beginnings in the mid-1960s to the early 1990s, IBM was
regarded with active loathing. Common expansions of the corporate name
included: Inferior But Marketable; It's Better Manually; Insidious Black
Magic; It's Been Malfunctioning; Incontinent Bowel Movement; and a near-{
infinite} number of even less complimentary expansions (see also {fear and
loathing}). What galled hackers about most IBM machines above the PC level
wasn't so much that they were underpowered and overpriced (though that
counted against them), but that the designs were incredibly archaic, {
crufty}, and elephantine ... and you couldn't fix them — source code was
locked up tight, and programming tools were expensive, hard to find, and
bletcherous to use once you had found them.
We didn't know how good we had it back then. In the 1980s IBM had its own
troubles with Microsoft and lost its strategic way, receding from the
hacker community's view. Then, in the 1990s, Microsoft became more noxious
and omnipresent than IBM had ever been.
In the late 1990s IBM re-invented itself as a services company, began to
release open-source software through its AlphaWorks group, and began
shipping Linux systems and building ties to the Linux community. To the
astonishment of all parties, IBM emerged as a staunch friend of the hacker
community and open source development, with ironic consequences noted in
the FUD entry.
This lexicon includes a number of entries attributed to ‘IBM’; these derive
from some rampantly unofficial jargon lists circulated within IBM's
formerly beleaguered hacker underground.
|
ibm
(vera) | IBM
International Business Machines (manufacturer, IBM)
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
dituihibmsl?
(encz) | DITUIHIBMSL?,Did I tell you I hate IBMs lately? [zkr.] |
dituilibmsl?
(encz) | DITUILIBMSL?,Did I tell you I love IBMs lately? [zkr.] |
ibm
(encz) | IBM,Inadequate, But Marketable [zkr.] |
did i tell you i hate ibms lately?
(czen) | Did I tell you I hate IBMs lately?,DITUIHIBMSL?[zkr.] |
did i tell you i love ibms lately?
(czen) | Did I tell you I love IBMs lately?,DITUILIBMSL?[zkr.] |
fdlibm
(foldoc) | fdlibm
A new version of the C maths library, libm, by Dr. K-C Ng.
It is the basis for the bundled /usr/lib/libm.so in Solaris
2.3 for SPARC and for future Solaris 2 releases for x86 and
PowerPC. It provides the standard functions necessary to pass
the usual test suites. This new libm can be configured to
handle exceptions in accordance with various language
standards or in the spirit of IEEE 754. The C source code
should be portable to any IEEE 754 system.
E-mail: ("send all from fdlibm"),
(comments and bug
reports).
(ftp://netlib.att.com/netlib).
(1993-12-18).
|
ibm
(foldoc) | International Business Machines
big blue
IBM
(IBM) The best known American computer manufacturer,
founded by Thomas J. Watson (born 1874-02-17), known as "Big
Blue" after the colour of its logo. IBM makes everything from
mainframes to personal computers (PCs) and has been
immensely successful in selling them, chiefly to business. It
has often been said that "Nobody has ever been sacked for
buying IBM".
The IBM PC in its various versions has been so successful
that unqualified reference to a "PC" almost certainly means a
PC from IBM, or one of the many brands of clone produced by
other manufacturers to cash in on IBM's original success.
Alternative expansions of "IBM" such as Inferior But
Marketable; It's Better Manually; Insidious Black Magic; It's
Been Malfunctioning; Incontinent Bowel Movement, illustrate
the considerable antipathy most hackers have long felt toward
the "industry leader" (see fear and loathing).
Quarterly sales $15351M, profits $689M (Aug 1994).
(http://ibm.com/).
(1999-04-07)
|
ibm 1130
(foldoc) | IBM 1130
A computer introduced by IBM in 1965. It was
their cheapest computer to date, and was aimed at
price-sensitive, computing-intensive technical markets like
education and engineering. It notably included inexpensive
disk storage. Non-IBM clones were produced.
IBM 1130 Enthusiasts (http://ibm1130.org/).
(2005-01-17)
|
ibm 1403
(foldoc) | IBM 1403
A printer used with the IBM 360 mainframe, a
successor to the 1401.
(1999-01-11)
|
ibm 1620
(foldoc) | IBM 1620
A computer built by IBM and released in late
1959. The 1620 cost from around $85,000(?) up to hundreds of
thousands of dollars(?) according to the configuration. It
was billed as a "small scientific computer" to distinguish it
from the business-oriented IBM 1401. It was regarded as
inexpensive, and many schools started out with one.
It was either developed for the US Navy to teach computing, or
as a replacement for the very successful IBM 650 which did
quite well in the low end scientific market. Rumour has it
that the Navy called this computer the CADET - Can't Add,
Doesn't Even Try.
The ALU used lookup tables to add, subtract and multiply but
it could do address increments and the like without the
tables. You could change the number base by adjusting the
tables, which were input during the boot sequence from
Hollerith cards. The divide instruction required additional
hardware, as did floating point operations.
The basic machine had 20,000 decimal digits of {ferrite core
memory} arranged as a 100 by 100 array of 12-bit locations,
each holding two digits. Each digit was stored as four
numeric bits, one flag bit and one parity bit. The numeric
bits stored a decimal digit (values above nine were illegal).
Memory was logically divided into fields. On the high-order
digit of a field the flag bit indicated the end of the field.
On the low-order digit it indicated a negative number. A flag
bit on the low order of the address indicated {indirect
addressing} if you had that option installed. A few "illegal"
bit combinations were used to store things like record marks
and "numeric blanks".
On a subroutine call it stored the return address in the
five digits just before the entry point to the routine, so you
had to build your own stack to do recursion.
The enclosure was grey, and the core was about four or five
inches across. The core memory was kept cool inside a
temperature-controlled box. The machine took a few minutes to
warm up after power on before you could use it. If it got too
hot there was a thermal cut-out switch that would shut it
down.
Memory could be expanded up to 100,000 digits in a second
cabinet. The cheapest package used paper tape for I/O. You
could also get punched cards and later models could be
hooked up to a 1311 disk drive (a two-megabyte {washing
machine}), a 1627 plotter, and a 1443 line printer.
Because the 1620 was popular with colleges, IBM ran a clearing
house of software for a nominal cost such as Snobol,
COBOL, chess games, etc.
The model II, released about three years later, could add and
subtract without tables. The clock period decreased from 20
to 10 microseconds, instruction fetch sped up by a few cycles
and it added index registers of some sort. Some of the
model I's options were standard on the model II, like
indirect addressing and the console teletype changed
from a model C to a Selectric. Later still, IBM marketed
the IBM 1710.
A favorite use was to tune a FM radio to pick up the
"interference" from the lights on the console. With the right
delay loops you could generate musical notes. Hackers wrote
interpreters that played music from notation like "C44".
IBM 1620 console (img:/pub/misc/IBM1620-console.jpg)
1620 consoles were used as props to represent Colossus in
the film "The Forbin Project", though most of the machines had
been scrapped by the time the film was made.
{A fully configured 1620
(http://uranus.ee.auth.gr/TMTh/exhibit.htm)}.
{IBM 1620 at Tuck School of Business, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH,
USA (img:/pub/misc/IBM1620-Tuck1960s.jpg)}
(Thanks Victor E. McGee, pictured).
["Basic Programming Concepts and the IBM 1620 Computer",
Leeson and Dimitry, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1962].
(2018-09-11)
|
ibm 1710
(foldoc) | IBM 1710
An IBM 1620 with additional features useful for
industrial process control: A/D convertors, {D/A
convertors}, general-purpose I/O lines, and interrupts.
[Date?]
(1997-07-20)
|
ibm 2741
(foldoc) | IBM 2741
golf ball printer
A slow, letter-quality printing device and
terminal based on the IBM Selectric typewriter. The
print head was a little sphere resembling a golf ball, bearing
reversed embossed images of 88 different characters arranged
on four parallels of latitude; one could change the font by
changing the golf ball. The device communicated at 134.5 bits
per second, half duplex. When the computer transmitted, it
physically locked the keyboard.
This was the technology that enabled APL to use a
non-EBCDIC, non-ASCII, and in fact completely non-standard
character set. This put it 10 years ahead of its time -
where it stayed, firmly rooted, for the next 20, until
character displays gave way to programmable bit-mapped
devices with the flexibility to support other character sets.
(2006-08-04)
|
ibm 3270
(foldoc) | IBM 3270
3270
A class of terminals made by IBM known as
"Display Devices", normally used to talk to IBM
mainframes. The 3270 attempts to minimise the number of
I/O interrupts required by accepting large blocks of data,
known as datastreams, in which both text and control (or
formatting functions) are interspersed allowing an entire
screen to be "painted" as a single output operation. The
concept of "formatting" in these devices allows the screen to
be divided into clusters of contiguous character cells for
which numerous attributes (color, highlighting, {character
set}, protection from modification) can be set. Further,
using a technique known as 'Read Modified' the changes from
any number of formatted fields that have been modified can be
read as a single input without transferring any other data,
another technique to enhance the terminal throughput of the
CPU.
The 3270 had twelve, and later twenty-four, special Programmed
Function Keys, or PF keys. When one of these keys was
pressed, it would cause the device to generate an I/O
interrupt and present a special code identifying which key
was pressed. Application program functions such as
termination, page-up, page-down or help could be invoked by a
single key-push, thereby reducing the load on very busy
processors.
A version of the IBM PC called the "3270 PC" was released in
October 1983. It included 3270 terminal emulation.
tn3270 is modified version of Telnet which acts as a 3270
terminal emulator and can be used to connect to an IBM
computer over a network.
See also broken arrow.
(1995-02-07)
|
ibm 360
(foldoc) | System/360
IBM 360
The generic name for the CPUs and architecture
released by IBM on 1964-04-07. The 360 was marketed as a
general purpose computer with 'all round' functionality -
hence 360 (degrees).
Models ranged from the 360/20 to the 360/65 and later the
360/95, with typical memory configurations from 16K to 1024K.
Elements of the architecture, such as the basic {instruction
set} are still in use on IBM mainframes today. Operating
System/360 (OS/360) was developed for System/360. Other
associated operating systems included DOS, OS/MFT and
OS/MVT.
The 360 architecture was based on an 8-bit byte, 16 general
purpose registers, 24-bit addressing, and a PSW (Program
Status Word) including a location counter.
Gene Amdahl, then an IBM employee, is generally acknowledged
as the 360's chief architect. He later went on to found
Amdahl Corporaton, a manufacture of PCM mainframe
equipment.
The 360's predecessors were the smaller IBM 1401 and the
large IBM 7090 series. If was followed by the IBM 370.
See also ABEND, ALC, BAL, Big Red Switch, HCF, {mode
bit}, PL360, PL/S.
(2004-06-06)
|
ibm 370
(foldoc) | System/370
IBM 370
(S/370) An IBM mainframe computer
introduced in 1970 as a successor to the IBM 360.
Enhancements included the ability to support virtual memory
and improved main storage. Two models were available
initially: 165 and 155, with cycle times of 80 and 115
nanoseconds.
{Press Release
(http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/mainframe/mainframe_PR370.html)}.
(2004-06-06)
|
ibm 370esa
(foldoc) | IBM 370ESA
IBM390
IBM zSeries
(Enterprise System Architecture) An IBM
mainframe computer introduced in 1988. Successor to the
IBM 370XA had enhanced access registers that allowed access
to other forms of virtual memory. This enhancement allowed
more data storage in main and virtual memory, reducing I/O
operating and improving speed and efficiency. The IBM 370ESA
was rebranded as the IBM390, and later as the zSeries.
(2004-06-06)
|
ibm 370xa
(foldoc) | IBM 370XA
An IBM mainframe computer introduced in
1983. Successor to the System/370, this machine had an
enhanced address space.
(2004-05-27)
|
ibm 3720
(foldoc) | IBM 3720
A communications controller made by IBM,
suitable for use in an IBM S/390. Official service support
was withdrawn in 1999 in favour of the IBM 3745.
(http://ibm.com/search?q=3720&realm=Networking).
(2000-02-21)
|
ibm 650
(foldoc) | IBM 650
A computer, produced ca. 1955 and in use in the
late 1950s, with rotating magnetic drum storage and {punched
card} input. Its memory words could store 10-digit decimal
numbers and each instruction had two addresses, one for the
operand and one for address of the next instruction on the
drum.
SOAP was its (optimising) assembler. Languages used on it
included BACAIC, BALITAC, BELL, CASE SOAP III, {DRUCO
I}, EASE II, ELI, ESCAPE, FAST, FLAIR, FORTRANSIT,
FORTRUNCIBLE, GAT, IPL, Internal Translator, KISS,
MITILAC, MYSTIC, OMNICODE, PIT, RELATIVE,
RUNCIBLE, SIR, SOAP, Speedcoding, SPIT, SPUR.
[More details?]
(1995-03-30)
|
ibm 700 series
(foldoc) | IBM 700 series
A family of computers made by IBM, including the
IBM 701, IBM 702, IBM 704, IBM 705 and IBM 709.
(2005-06-20)
|
ibm 701
(foldoc) | IBM 701
Defense Calculator
("Defense Calculator") The first of the {IBM 700
series} of computers.
The IBM 701 was annouced internally on 1952-04-29 as "the most
advanced, most flexible high-speed computer in the world".
Known as the Defense Calculator while in development at {IBM
Poughkeepsie Laboratory}, it went public on 1953-04-07 as the
"IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines" (plural because
it consisted of eleven connected units).
The 701 was the first IBM large-scale electronic computer
manufactured in quantity and their first commercial
scientific computer. It was the first IBM machine in which
programs were stored in an internal, addressable, electronic
memory. It was developed and produced in less than two years
from "first pencil on paper" to installation. It was key to
IBM's transition from punched card machines to electronic
computers.
It consisted of four magnetic tape drives, a magnetic drum
memory unit, a cathode-ray tube storage unit, an L-shaped
arithmetic and control unit with an operator's panel, a
punched card {reader, a printer, a card punch and three
power units. It performed more than 16,000 additions or
subtractions per second, read 12,500 digits a second from
tape, print 180 letters or numbers a second and output 400
digits a second from punched-cards.
The IBM 701 ran the following languages and systems: BACAIC,
BAP, DOUGLAS, DUAL-607, FLOP, GEPURS, JCS-13,
KOMPILER, LT-2, PACT I, QUEASY, QUICK, SEESAW,
SHACO, SO 2, Speedcoding, SPEEDEX.
{IBM History
(http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/701/701_intro.html)}.
(2005-06-20)
|
ibm 704
(foldoc) | IBM 704
A large, scientific computer made by IBM and used
by the largest commercial, government and educational
institutions.
The IBM 704 had 36-bit memory words, 15-bit addresses and
instructions with one address. A few index register
instructions had the infamous 15-bit decrement field in
addition to the 15-bit address.
The 704, and IBM 709 which had the same basic architecture,
represented a substantial step forward from the IBM 650's
magnetic drum storage as they provided random access at
electronic speed to core storage, typically 32k words of 36
bits each.
[Or did the 704 actually come *before* the 650?]
A typical 700 series installation would be in a specially
built room of perhaps 1000 to 2000 square feet, with cables
running under a raised floor and substantial air conditioning.
There might be up to eight magnetic tape transports, each
about 3 x 3 x 6 feet, on one or two "channels." The 1/2 inch
tape had seven tracks and moved at 150 inches per second,
giving a read/write speed of 15,000 six bit characters (plus
parity) per second.
In the centre would be the operator's console consisting of
cabinets and tables for storage of tapes and boxes of cards;
and a card reader, a card punch, and a line printer,
each perhaps 4 x 4 x 5 feet in dimension. Small jobs could
be entered via punched cards at the console, but as a rule
the user jobs were transferred from cards to magnetic tape
by off-line equipment and only control information was
entered at the console (see SPOOL). Before each job, the
operating system was loaded from a read-only system tape
(because the system in core could have been corrupted by the
previous user), and then the user's program, in the form of
card images on the input tape, would be run. Program output
would be written to another tape (typically on another
channel) for printing off-line.
Well run installations would transfer the user's cards to
tape, run the job, and print the output tape with a turnaround
time of one to four hours.
The processing unit typically occupied a position symmetric
but opposite the operator's console. Physically the largest
of the units, it included a glass enclosure a few feet in
dimension in which could be seen the "core" about one foot on
each side. The 36-bit word could hold two 18-bit addresses
called the "Contents of the Address Register" (CAR) and the
"Contents of the Decrement Register" (CDR).
On the opposite side of the floor from the tape drives and
operator's console would be a desk and bookshelves for the
ever-present (24 hours a day) "field engineer" dressed in, you
guessed it, a grey flannel suit and tie. The maintenance of
the many thousands of vacuum tubes, each with limited
lifetime, and the cleaning, lubrication, and adjustment of
mechanical equipment, was augmented by a constant flow of
bug reports, change orders to both hardware and software,
and hand-holding for worried users.
The 704 was oriented toward scientific work and included
floating point hardware and the first Fortran
implementation. Its hardware was the basis for the
requirement in some programming languages that loops must be
executed at least once.
The IBM 705 was the business counterpart of the 704. The
705 was a decimal machine with a circular register which could
hold several variables (numbers, values) at the same time.
Very few 700 series computers remained in service by 1965, but
the IBM 7090, using transistors but similar in logical
structure, remained an important machine until the production
of the earliest integrated circuits.
[Was the 704 scientific, business or general purpose?
Difference between 704 and 709?]
(1996-01-24)
|
ibm 7040
(foldoc) | IBM 7040
A scaled down version of the IBM 7090.
(1997-02-23)
|
ibm 705
(foldoc) | IBM 705
A business-oriented counterpart of the IBM 704.
The 705 was a decimal machine with a circular register which
could hold several values at the same time.
Languages incuded ACOM, Autocode, ELI, PRINT, {PRINT
I}, SOHIO, SYMBOLIC ASSEMBLY.
(2000-06-01)
|
ibm 709
(foldoc) | IBM 709
A computer made by IBM oriented toward
scientific work. The 709 had the same basic architecture as
the IBM 704 but with many I/O and performance refinements
over the 704.
The IBM 709 (like the 704) had 36-bit memory words, 15-bit
addresses and instructions with one address. A few {index
register} instructions had the infamous 15-bit decrement field
in addition to the 15-bit address.
The IBM 7090 was a transistorised version of the 709.
[Difference between 704 and 709?]
(1999-01-19)
|
ibm 7090
(foldoc) | IBM 7090
A transistorised version of the IBM 709 which was
a very popular high end computer in the early 1960s. The 7090
had 32Kbytes of 36-bit core memory and a hardware {floating
point unit}. Fortran was its most popular language, but it
supported many others. It was later upgraded to the {IBM
7094}, and a scaled down version, the IBM 7040 was also
introduced.
IBM 7090s controlled the Mercury and Gemini space flights, the
Balistic Missile Early Warning System (until well into the
1980s), and the CTSS time sharing system at MIT.
The 7090 was not good at unit record I/O, so in small
configurations an IBM 1401 was used for SPOOL I/O and in
large configurations (such as a 7090/94) a 7040/44 would be
directly coupled and dedicated to handling printers and {card
readers}. (See the film Dr Strangelove).
(1999-01-19)
|
ibm 7094
(foldoc) | IBM 7094
A faster version of the IBM 7090 with more {index
registers}.
(1997-02-23)
|
ibm 801
(foldoc) | IBM 801
The original IBM RISC processor, developed as a research
project. It was named after the building in which it was
designed.
[Features? Dates?]
(1995-03-01)
|
ibm compatible
(foldoc) | IBM compatible
A computer which can use hardware and software
designed for the IBM PC (or, less often, IBM mainframes).
This was once a key phrase in marketing a new PC clone but
now in 1998 is rarely used, the non-IBM wintel {personal
computer} manufacturers such as Compaq, Dell and {Gateway
2000} and OS vendor Microsoft having taken control of the
market, marginalising IBM.
(1998-07-30)
|
ibm customer engineer
(foldoc) | IBM Customer Engineer
CE
(CE) A hardware guy from IBM.
[Are/were any CEs female?]
(1998-07-08)
|
ibm discount
(foldoc) | IBM discount
A price increase. Outside IBM, this derives from the common
perception that IBM products are generally overpriced (see
clone); inside, it is said to spring from a belief that
large numbers of IBM employees living in an area cause prices
to rise.
[Jargon File]
(1995-02-07)
|
ibm pc
(foldoc) | IBM PC
International Business Machines Personal Computer.
IBM PCs and compatible models from other vendors are the most
widely used computer systems in the world. They are typically
single user personal computers, although they have been
adapted into multi-user models for special applications.
Note: "IBM PC" is used in this dictionary to denote IBM and
compatible personal computers, and to distinguish these from
other personal computers, though the phrase "PC" is often
used elsewhere, by those who know no better, to mean "IBM PC
or compatible".
There are hundreds of models of IBM compatible computers.
They are based on Intel's microprocessors: Intel 8086,
Intel 8088, Intel 80286, Intel 80386, Intel 486 or
Pentium. The models of IBM's first-generation Personal
Computer (PC) series have names: IBM PC, IBM PC XT, {IBM PC
AT}, Convertible and Portable. The models of its second
generation, the Personal System/2 (PS/2), are known by model
number: Model 25, Model 30. Within each series, the models
are also commonly referenced by their CPU clock rate.
All IBM personal computers are software compatible with each
other in general, but not every program will work in every
machine. Some programs are time sensitive to a particular
speed class. Older programs will not take advantage of newer
higher-resolution display standards.
The speed of the CPU (microprocessor) is the most
significant factor in machine performance. It is determined
by its clock rate and the number of bits it can process
internally. It is also determined by the number of bits it
transfers across its data bus. The second major performance
factor is the speed of the hard disk.
CAD and other graphics-intensive application programs can
be sped up with the addition of a mathematics coprocessor, a
chip which plugs into a special socket available in almost all
machines.
Intel 8086 and Intel 8088-based PCs require EMS
(expanded memory) boards to work with more than one megabyte
of memory. All these machines run under MS-DOS. The
original IBM PC AT used an Intel 80286 processor which can
access up to 16 megabytes of memory (though standard MS-DOS
applications cannot use more than one megabyte without EMS).
Intel 80286-based computers running under OS/2 can work
with the maximum memory.
Although IBM sells printers for PCs, most printers will work
with them. As with display hardware, the software vendor must
support a wide variety of printers. Each program must be
installed with the appropriate printer driver.
The original 1981 IBM PC's keyboard was severely criticised by
typists for its non-standard placement of the return and left
shift keys. In 1984, IBM corrected this on its AT keyboard,
but shortened the backspace key, making it harder to reach.
In 1987, it introduced its Enhanced keyboard, which relocated
all the function keys and placed the control key in an awkward
location for touch typists. The escape key was relocated to
the opposite side of the keyboard. By relocating the function
keys, IBM made it impossible for software vendors to use them
intelligently. What's easy to reach on one keyboard is
difficult on the other, and vice versa. To the touch typist,
these deficiencies are maddening.
An "IBM PC compatible" may have a keyboard which does not
recognize every key combination a true IBM PC does,
e.g. shifted cursor keys. In addition, the "compatible"
vendors sometimes use proprietary keyboard interfaces,
preventing you from replacing the keyboard.
The 1981 PC had 360K floppy disks. In 1984, IBM introduced
the 1.2 megabyte floppy disk along with its AT model.
Although often used as backup storage, the high density
floppy is not often used for interchangeability. In 1986, IBM
introduced the 720K 3.5" microfloppy disk on its Convertible
laptop computer. It introduced the 1.44 megabyte double
density version with the PS/2 line. These disk drives can be
added to existing PCs.
Fixed, non-removable, hard disks for IBM compatibles are
available with storage capacities from 20 to over 600
megabytes. If a hard disk is added that is not compatible
with the existing disk controller, a new controller board
must be plugged in. However, one disk's internal standard
does not conflict with another, since all programs and data
must be copied onto it to begin with. Removable hard disks
that hold at least 20 megabytes are also available.
When a new peripheral device, such as a monitor or
scanner, is added to an IBM compatible, a corresponding, new
controller board must be plugged into an expansion slot (in
the bus) in order to electronically control its operation.
The PC and XT had eight-bit busses; the AT had a 16-bit bus.
16-bit boards will not fit into 8-bit slots, but 8-bit boards
will fit into 16-bit slots. Intel 80286 and Intel 80386
computers provide both 8-bit and 16-bit slots, while the 386s
also have proprietary 32-bit memory slots. The bus in
high-end models of the PS/2 line is called "Micro Channel".
EISA is a non-IBM rival to Micro Channel.
The original IBM PC came with BASIC in ROM. Later, Basic
and BasicA were distributed on floppy but ran and referenced
routines in ROM.
IBM PC and PS/2 models
PC range
Intro CPU Features
PC Aug 1981 8088 Floppy disk system
XT Mar 1983 8088 Slow hard disk
XT/370 Oct 1983 8088 IBM 370 mainframe emulation
3270 PC Oct 1983 8088 with 3270 terminal emulation
PCjr Nov 1983 8088 Floppy-based home computer
PC Portable Feb 1984 8088 Floppy-based portable
AT Aug 1984 286 Medium-speed hard disk
Convertible Apr 1986 8088 Microfloppy laptop portable
XT 286 Sep 1986 286 Slow hard disk
PS/2 range
Intro CPU Features
Model 1987-08-25 8086 PC bus (limited expansion)
Model 1987-04-30 8086 PC bus
Model 30 1988-09-286 286 PC bus
Model 1987-04-50 286 Micro Channel bus
Model 50Z Jun 1988 286 Faster Model 50
Model 55 SX May 1989 386SX Micro Channel bus
Model 1987-04-60 286 Micro Channel bus
Model 1988-06-70 386 Desktop, Micro Channel bus
Model P1989-05-70 386 Portable, Micro Channel bus
Model 1987-04-80 386 Tower, Micro Channel bus
IBM PC compatible specifications
CPU CPU Clock Bus Floppy Hard
bus speed width RAM disk disk OS
bit Mhz bit byte inch byte Mbyte
8088 16 4.8-9.5 8 1M* 5.25 360K 10-40 DOS
3.5 720K
3.5 1.44M
8086 16 6-12 16 1M* 20-60
286 16 6-25 16 1-8M* 5.25 360K 20-300 DOS
5.25 1.2M OS/2
386 32 16-33 32 1-16M** 3.5 720K Unix
3.5 1.44M 40-600
386SX 32 16-33 16 1-16M** 40-600
*Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with EMS memory boards
**Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with normal "extended"
memory and a memory management program.
See also BIOS, display standard.
(1995-05-12)
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ibm pc at
(foldoc) | IBM PC AT
AT
PC AT
("Advanced Technology") A version of the IBM PC,
released in Aug 1984 with an Intel 80286 processor, a 16-bit
bus, a medium-speed hard disk and a 1.2 megabyte
floppy disk drive. It had a larger case than the PC,
which allowed it to accept "tall cards".
The AT keyboard corrected the PC's non-standard placement of
the return and left shift keys but shortened the backspace
key, making it harder to reach.
(1995-03-01)
|
ibm pc xt
(foldoc) | IBM PC XT
XT
An IBM PC with a (slow) hard disk. The XT was
released in March 1983. It had an Intel 8088 CPU. The
XT/370, released in October 1983, added IBM 370 mainframe
emulation, and the XT 286 followed in September 1986 with an
Intel 80286 CPU [Why?].
(1996-05-21)
|
ibm pcjr
(foldoc) | IBM PCjr
PCjr
(IBM PC Junior) A floppy disk-based home
computer with an Intel 8088 CPU and a chiclet keyboard,
released in November 1983. The PCjr could be expanded to have
two floppy drives and 640 kilobytes of RAM using sidecars.
Some even had a mouse and could run drawing programs with
popup menus.
(1995-10-06)
|
ibm system/36
(foldoc) | IBM System/36
A mid-range computer introduced in 1983, which
remained popular in the 1990s because of its low cost and high
performance. Prices started in the $20k range for the small
5362 to $100+k for the expanded 5360. In 1994, IBM introduced
the Advanced 36 for $9,000.
The largest 5360 had 7MB of RAM and 1432MB of hard disk.
The smallest 5362 had 256K of RAM and 30MB of hard disk. The
Advanced 36 had 64MB of RAM and 4300MB of hard disk, but
design issues limit the amount of storage that can actually be
addressed by the operating system; underlying microcode
allowed additional RAM to cache disk reads and writes,
allowing the Advanced 36 to outperform the S/36 by 600 to
800%.
There was only one operating system for the S/36: SSP ({System
Support Product}). SSP consumed about 7-10MB of hard drive
space. Computer programs on the S/36 reside in "libraries,"
and the SSP itself resides in a special system library called
#LIBRARY.
Components of SSP include the Data File Utility (DFU), the
Source Entry Utility (SEU), the largely obselete {Work
Station Utility} (WSU), the Screen Design Aid (SDA) and
Operational Control Language (OCL).
Using the IBM S/36 is relatively simple. The operator sits in
front of a computer monitor, types on a keyboard, and
interacts using a series of on-screen forms. S/36 is
command-oriented, like MS-DOS, however, S/36 additionally uses
more than 70 menus which allow operators to type the number of
an appropriate command or response, and application writers
can create their own menus and commands ("procedures.")
Programmers use SEU to create or modify a source program
which is then compiled into an object program. SEU uses 50
or so templates to assist the operator with the syntax of
different types of sources.
By 1985, an application called {Programmer/Operator
Productivity} was widely available and was probably the most
popular (and pirated) S/36 software ever written. POP
included a full-screen editor called FSEDIT which could be
used in place of SEU, which only allowed single-line editing.
Data File Utility allows the programmer to quickly create a
simple, single-record display program to add, update and
delete records within a file. Also, simple report programs
can be created.
Screen Design Aid allows the programmer to create menus,
create and update simple forms which are called "display
formats" or "prompt screens", and view existing display
formats.
By using Operational Control Language, the programmer can
assign files and resources to a particular program and pass
run-time information like a processing date, order number, or
user name to the compiled program. Programs can acquire up to
8 workstations, or run in the background, but usually they run
on only one workstation. The largest program size is 64K.
Whenever a program is called, SSP searches in the named user
library and then #LIBRARY. Therefore, a system program can be
called from any library and all users have access to it.
S/36 has three types of security: (1) password security, (2) a
badge reader option that almost no-one ever bought, and (3)
resource security. There are five levels of users access and
five levels of resource access. By using password and
resource security effectively, the administrator (who was at
that time often called a DP Manager or Information Systems
Manager) can restrict access to critical and secure
applications.
The cheapest, and therefore most popular, language compiler
for the S/36 is RPG II, a language based on fixed logic
cycles which arose in the days of card readers. Other
languages include COBOL, FORTRAN and BASIC. Almost
every S/36 shop with in-house design uses RPG.
It's interesting to note that the S/36 allows the operator to
change a program while it is being used, which can be very
dangerous on live data. The S/38 and the iSeries computer do
not allow this.
IBM has not marketed the S/36 or Advanced 36 since 2000.
Price/performance of the AS/400 (aka iSeries) and hardware
technology of the present-generation PC makes the S/36 a
much less attractive offering from a different era in
computing.
(2005-04-05)
|
ibm systems engineer
(foldoc) | IBM Systems Engineer
(SE) A software person from IBM.
(1998-07-08)
|
ibm zseries
(foldoc) | IBM 370ESA
IBM390
IBM zSeries
(Enterprise System Architecture) An IBM
mainframe computer introduced in 1988. Successor to the
IBM 370XA had enhanced access registers that allowed access
to other forms of virtual memory. This enhancement allowed
more data storage in main and virtual memory, reducing I/O
operating and improving speed and efficiency. The IBM 370ESA
was rebranded as the IBM390, and later as the zSeries.
(2004-06-06)
|
ibm390
(foldoc) | IBM 370ESA
IBM390
IBM zSeries
(Enterprise System Architecture) An IBM
mainframe computer introduced in 1988. Successor to the
IBM 370XA had enhanced access registers that allowed access
to other forms of virtual memory. This enhancement allowed
more data storage in main and virtual memory, reducing I/O
operating and improving speed and efficiency. The IBM 370ESA
was rebranded as the IBM390, and later as the zSeries.
(2004-06-06)
|
ibm
(jargon) | IBM
/I·B·M/
Once upon a time, the computer company most hackers loved to hate; today,
the one they are most puzzled to find themselves liking.
From hackerdom's beginnings in the mid-1960s to the early 1990s, IBM was
regarded with active loathing. Common expansions of the corporate name
included: Inferior But Marketable; It's Better Manually; Insidious Black
Magic; It's Been Malfunctioning; Incontinent Bowel Movement; and a near-{
infinite} number of even less complimentary expansions (see also {fear and
loathing}). What galled hackers about most IBM machines above the PC level
wasn't so much that they were underpowered and overpriced (though that
counted against them), but that the designs were incredibly archaic, {
crufty}, and elephantine ... and you couldn't fix them — source code was
locked up tight, and programming tools were expensive, hard to find, and
bletcherous to use once you had found them.
We didn't know how good we had it back then. In the 1980s IBM had its own
troubles with Microsoft and lost its strategic way, receding from the
hacker community's view. Then, in the 1990s, Microsoft became more noxious
and omnipresent than IBM had ever been.
In the late 1990s IBM re-invented itself as a services company, began to
release open-source software through its AlphaWorks group, and began
shipping Linux systems and building ties to the Linux community. To the
astonishment of all parties, IBM emerged as a staunch friend of the hacker
community and open source development, with ironic consequences noted in
the FUD entry.
This lexicon includes a number of entries attributed to ‘IBM’; these derive
from some rampantly unofficial jargon lists circulated within IBM's
formerly beleaguered hacker underground.
|
ibm
(vera) | IBM
International Business Machines (manufacturer, IBM)
|
ibms
(vera) | IBMS
Integrated Broadband Mobile System
|
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