| slovo | definícia |
computing
(encz) | computing,počítací adj: Zdeněk Brož |
computing
(encz) | computing,výpočet Pavel Machek; Giza |
Computing
(gcide) | Compute \Com*pute"\ (k[o^]m*p[=u]t"), v. t. [imp. & p. p.
Computed; p. pr. & vb. n. Computing.] [L. computare. See
Count, v. t.]
To determine by calculation; to reckon; to count.
[1913 Webster]
Two days, as we compute the days of heaven. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
What's done we partly may compute,
But know not what's resisted. --Burns.
Syn: To calculate; number; count; reckon; estimate;
enumerate; rate. See Calculate.
[1913 Webster] |
computing
(wn) | computing
n 1: the branch of engineering science that studies (with the
aid of computers) computable processes and structures [syn:
computer science, computing]
2: the procedure of calculating; determining something by
mathematical or logical methods [syn: calculation,
computation, computing] |
computing
(foldoc) | computer
computing
A machine that can be programmed to manipulate
symbols. Computers can perform complex and repetitive
procedures quickly, precisely and reliably and can store and
retrieve large amounts of data. Most computers in use today
are electronic digital computers (as opposed to {analogue
computers}).
The physical components from which a computer is constructed
are known as hardware, which can be of four types: CPU,
memory, input devices and output devices.
The CPU (central processing unit) executes software
programs which tell the computer what to do. Input and
output (I/O) devices allow the computer to communicate with
the user and the outside world. There are many kinds of
memory or storage - fast, expensive, short term memory
(e.g. RAM) to hold intermediate results, and slower,
cheaper, long-term memory (e.g. magnetic disk and {magnetic
tape}) to hold programs and data that are not being used
immediately.
Computers today are often connected to a network (which may
be part of the Internet). This allows them to be accessed
from elsewhere and to exchange data with other computers.
(2018-06-25)
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
complex instruction set computing
(encz) | complex instruction set computing, n: |
computing device
(encz) | computing device, n: |
computing machine
(encz) | computing machine, n: |
computing system
(encz) | computing system, n: |
precomputing
(encz) | precomputing, |
recomputing
(encz) | recomputing, |
reduced instruction set computing
(encz) | reduced instruction set computing, n: |
supercomputing
(encz) | supercomputing, |
Computing
(gcide) | Compute \Com*pute"\ (k[o^]m*p[=u]t"), v. t. [imp. & p. p.
Computed; p. pr. & vb. n. Computing.] [L. computare. See
Count, v. t.]
To determine by calculation; to reckon; to count.
[1913 Webster]
Two days, as we compute the days of heaven. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
What's done we partly may compute,
But know not what's resisted. --Burns.
Syn: To calculate; number; count; reckon; estimate;
enumerate; rate. See Calculate.
[1913 Webster] |
army high performance computing research center
(wn) | Army High Performance Computing Research Center
n 1: a United States defense laboratory to conduct research in
high-performance computing for defense technology
applications; a partnership of government and university
and industry [syn: {Army High Performance Computing
Research Center}, AHPCRC] |
complex instruction set computing
(wn) | complex instruction set computing
n 1: (computer science) a kind of computer architecture that has
a large number of instructions hard coded into the CPU chip
[syn: complex instruction set computing, {complex
instruction set computer}, CISC] [ant: RISC, {reduced
instruction set computer}, {reduced instruction set
computing}] |
computing device
(wn) | computing device
n 1: a machine for performing calculations automatically [syn:
computer, computing machine, computing device, {data
processor}, electronic computer, {information processing
system}] |
computing machine
(wn) | computing machine
n 1: a machine for performing calculations automatically [syn:
computer, computing machine, computing device, {data
processor}, electronic computer, {information processing
system}] |
computing system
(wn) | computing system
n 1: a system of one or more computers and associated software
with common storage [syn: computer system, {computing
system}, automatic data processing system, ADP system,
ADPS] |
reduced instruction set computing
(wn) | reduced instruction set computing
n 1: (computer science) a kind of computer architecture that has
a relatively small set of computer instructions that it can
perform [syn: reduced instruction set computing, {reduced
instruction set computer}, RISC] [ant: CISC, {complex
instruction set computer}, {complex instruction set
computing}] |
advanced computing environment
(foldoc) | Advanced Computing Environment
(ACE) A consortium to agree on an open architecture
based on the MIPS R4000 chip. A computer architecture ARCS
will be defined, on which either OS/2 or Open Desktop can
be run.
(1995-02-03)
|
advanced risc computing specification
(foldoc) | Advanced RISC Computing Specification
ARC
ARCS
(ARC, previously ARCS) The baseline
hardware requirements for an ACE-compatible system.
(1995-01-16)
|
association for computing
(foldoc) | Association for Computing
Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM, before 1997 - "Association for Computing
Machinery") The largest and oldest international scientific
and educational computer society in the industry. Founded in
1947, only a year after the unveiling of ENIAC, ACM was
established by mathematicians and electrical engineers to
advance the science and application of {Information
Technology}. John Mauchly, co-inventor of the ENIAC, was
one of ACM's founders.
Since its inception ACM has provided its members and the world
of computer science a forum for the sharing of knowledge on
developments and achievements necessary to the fruitful
interchange of ideas.
ACM has 90,000 members - educators, researchers,
practitioners, managers, and engineers - who drive the
Association's major programs and services - publications,
special interest groups, chapters, conferences, awards, and
special activities.
The ACM Press publishes journals (notably CACM), book
series, conference proceedings, CD-ROM, hypertext,
video, and specialized publications such as curricula
recommendations and self-assessment procedures.
(http://info.acm.org/).
(1998-02-24)
|
association for computing machinery
(foldoc) | Association for Computing
Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM, before 1997 - "Association for Computing
Machinery") The largest and oldest international scientific
and educational computer society in the industry. Founded in
1947, only a year after the unveiling of ENIAC, ACM was
established by mathematicians and electrical engineers to
advance the science and application of {Information
Technology}. John Mauchly, co-inventor of the ENIAC, was
one of ACM's founders.
Since its inception ACM has provided its members and the world
of computer science a forum for the sharing of knowledge on
developments and achievements necessary to the fruitful
interchange of ideas.
ACM has 90,000 members - educators, researchers,
practitioners, managers, and engineers - who drive the
Association's major programs and services - publications,
special interest groups, chapters, conferences, awards, and
special activities.
The ACM Press publishes journals (notably CACM), book
series, conference proceedings, CD-ROM, hypertext,
video, and specialized publications such as curricula
recommendations and self-assessment procedures.
(http://info.acm.org/).
(1998-02-24)
|
balanced computing
(foldoc) | balanced computing
Matching computer tools to job activities so that the
computer system structure parallels the organisation structure
and work functions. Both personal computers and employees
operate in a decentralised environment with monitoring of
achievement of management objectives from centralised
corporate systems.
(http://moultonco.com/balanced.htm).
(1996-04-15)
|
cloud computing
(foldoc) | cloud computing
cloud
A loosely defined term for any system providing
access via the Internet to processing power, storage,
software or other computing services, often via a {web
browser}. Typically these services will be rented from an
external company that hosts and manages them.
(2009-04-21)
|
computing devices canada ltd.
(foldoc) | Computing Devices Canada Ltd.
General Dynamics Canada Ltd.
|
computing dictionary
(foldoc) | Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
computer dictionary
computing dictionary
Dictionary of Computing
FOLDOC
Free On-line Dictionary
this dictionary
FOLDOC is a searchable dictionary of acronyms, jargon,
programming languages, tools, architecture, operating
systems, networking, theory, conventions, standards,
mathematics, telecoms, electronics, institutions, companies,
projects, products, history, in fact anything to do with
computing.
Copyright 1993 by Denis Howe
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, Front-
or Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in
the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
Please refer to the dictionary as "The Free On-line
Dictionary of Computing, http://www.foldoc.org/, Editor
Denis Howe" or similar.
The dictionary has been growing since 1985 and now contains
over 13000 definitions totalling nearly five megabytes of
text. Entries are cross-referenced to each other and to
related resources elsewhere on the net.
Where LaTeX commands for certain non-ASCII symbols are
mentioned, they are described in their own entries. "\" is
also used to represent the Greek lower-case lambda used in
lambda-calculus. Cross-references to other entries look like
this. Note that not all cross-references actually lead
anywhere yet, but if you find one that leads to something
inappropriate, please let the maintainer know. Dates after
entries indicate when that entry was last updated. They do
not imply that it was up-to-date at that time.
|
dictionary of computing
(foldoc) | Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
computer dictionary
computing dictionary
Dictionary of Computing
FOLDOC
Free On-line Dictionary
this dictionary
FOLDOC is a searchable dictionary of acronyms, jargon,
programming languages, tools, architecture, operating
systems, networking, theory, conventions, standards,
mathematics, telecoms, electronics, institutions, companies,
projects, products, history, in fact anything to do with
computing.
Copyright 1993 by Denis Howe
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, Front-
or Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in
the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
Please refer to the dictionary as "The Free On-line
Dictionary of Computing, http://www.foldoc.org/, Editor
Denis Howe" or similar.
The dictionary has been growing since 1985 and now contains
over 13000 definitions totalling nearly five megabytes of
text. Entries are cross-referenced to each other and to
related resources elsewhere on the net.
Where LaTeX commands for certain non-ASCII symbols are
mentioned, they are described in their own entries. "\" is
also used to represent the Greek lower-case lambda used in
lambda-calculus. Cross-references to other entries look like
this. Note that not all cross-references actually lead
anywhere yet, but if you find one that leads to something
inappropriate, please let the maintainer know. Dates after
entries indicate when that entry was last updated. They do
not imply that it was up-to-date at that time.
|
distributed computing environment
(foldoc) | Distributed Computing Environment
(DCE) An architecture consisting of standard programming
interfaces, conventions and server functionalities
(e.g. naming, distributed file system, remote procedure call)
for distributing applications transparently across networks of
heterogeneous computers. DCE is promoted and controlled by
the Open Software Foundation (OSF).
Usenet newsgroup: news:comp.soft-sys.dce.
(http://dstc.edu.au/AU/research_news/dce/dce.html).
(1994-12-07)
|
dna computing
(foldoc) | DNA computing
The use of DNA molecules to encode
computational problems. Standard operations of molecular
biology can then be used to solve some NP-hard {search
problems} in parallel using a very large number of molecules.
The exponential scaling of NP-hard problems still remains, so
this method will require a huge amount of DNA to solve large
problems.
[L. M. Adleman, "Molecular Computation of Solutions to
Combinatorial Problems", Science 266:1021-1024, 1994].
(1997-02-11)
|
free on-line dictionary of computing
(foldoc) | Free On-line Dictionary of Computing
computer dictionary
computing dictionary
Dictionary of Computing
FOLDOC
Free On-line Dictionary
this dictionary
FOLDOC is a searchable dictionary of acronyms, jargon,
programming languages, tools, architecture, operating
systems, networking, theory, conventions, standards,
mathematics, telecoms, electronics, institutions, companies,
projects, products, history, in fact anything to do with
computing.
Copyright 1993 by Denis Howe
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation
License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the
Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, Front-
or Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in
the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
Please refer to the dictionary as "The Free On-line
Dictionary of Computing, http://www.foldoc.org/, Editor
Denis Howe" or similar.
The dictionary has been growing since 1985 and now contains
over 13000 definitions totalling nearly five megabytes of
text. Entries are cross-referenced to each other and to
related resources elsewhere on the net.
Where LaTeX commands for certain non-ASCII symbols are
mentioned, they are described in their own entries. "\" is
also used to represent the Greek lower-case lambda used in
lambda-calculus. Cross-references to other entries look like
this. Note that not all cross-references actually lead
anywhere yet, but if you find one that leads to something
inappropriate, please let the maintainer know. Dates after
entries indicate when that entry was last updated. They do
not imply that it was up-to-date at that time.
|
fuzzy computing
(foldoc) | fuzzy logic
fuzzy computing
A superset of Boolean logic dealing with the concept of
partial truth -- truth values between "completely true" and
"completely false". It was introduced by Dr. Lotfi Zadeh of
UCB in the 1960's as a means to model the uncertainty of
natural language.
Any specific theory may be generalised from a discrete (or
"crisp") form to a continuous (fuzzy) form, e.g. "fuzzy
calculus", "fuzzy differential equations" etc. Fuzzy logic
replaces Boolean truth values with degrees of truth which are
very similar to probabilities except that they need not sum to
one. Instead of an assertion pred(X), meaning that X
definitely has the property associated with predicate
"pred", we have a truth function truth(pred(X)) which gives
the degree of truth that X has that property. We can combine
such values using the standard definitions of fuzzy logic:
truth(not x) = 1.0 - truth(x)
truth(x and y) = minimum (truth(x), truth(y))
truth(x or y) = maximum (truth(x), truth(y))
(There are other possible definitions for "and" and "or",
e.g. using sum and product). If truth values are restricted to
0 and 1 then these functions behave just like their Boolean
counterparts. This is known as the "extension principle".
Just as a Boolean predicate asserts that its argument
definitely belongs to some subset of all objects, a fuzzy
predicate gives the degree of truth with which its argument
belongs to a fuzzy subset.
Usenet newsgroup: news:comp.ai.fuzzy.
E-mail servers: ,
, .
(ftp://ftp.hiof.no/pub/Fuzzy),
(ftp://ntia.its.bldrdoc.gov/pub/fuzzy).
{FAQ
(ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/fuzzy-logic)}.
{James Brule, "Fuzzy systems - a tutorial", 1985
(http://life.anu.edu.au/complex_systems/fuzzy.html)}.
{STB Software Catalog
(http://krakatoa.jsc.nasa.gov/stb/catalog.html)}, includes a
few fuzzy tools.
[H.J. Zimmerman, "Fuzzy Sets, Decision Making and Expert
Systems", Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1987].
["Fuzzy Logic, State of the Art", Ed. R. Lowen, Marc Roubens,
Theory and Decision Library, D: System theory, Knowledge
Engineering and Problem Solving 12, Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1993,
ISBN 0-7923-2324-6].
(1995-02-21)
|
high performance computing and communications
(foldoc) | High Performance Computing and Communications
HPCC
(HPCC) High performance computing includes scientific
workstations, supercomputer systems, high speed networks,
special purpose and experimental systems, the new generation
of large scale parallel systems, and application and systems
software with all components well integrated and linked over a
high speed network.
["Grand Challenges 1993: High Performance Computing and
Communications", Committee on Physical, Mathematical and
Engineering Sciences of the Federal Coordinating Council for
Science, Engineering and Technology.]
|
independent computing architecture
(foldoc) | Independent Computing Architecture
ICA
(ICA) Citrix's proprietary protocol that
allows client desktop computers to run applications on
application servers. Originally used between Windows
systems, ICA is now also suported on Unix and Macintosh
desktops and servers as well as some thin client hardware.
(2012-07-08)
|
national center for supercomputing applications
(foldoc) | National Center for Supercomputing Applications
NCSA
(NCSA) The birthplace of the first
version of the Mosaic web browser.
Address: Urbana, IL, USA.
(http://ncsa.uiuc.edu/).
[Summary?]
(1994-10-27)
|
network computing devices
(foldoc) | Network Computing Devices
NCD
(NCD) Producer of X terminals, PC-Xware and
Z-Mail.
(http://ncd.com/).
(1998-10-07)
|
open network computing
(foldoc) | Open Network Computing
ONC
(ONC) Sun's network protocols.
[more detail?]
|
optical computing
(foldoc) | optical computing
Optical Signal Processor
OSP
(Or "Optical Signal Processing") Operating on data
represented using electromagnetic radiation, e.g. visible
light, instead of the electrical signals used in a
conventional electronic digital computer.
Electronic digital computers are built from transistors.
These form components that store data and logic gates that
perform the low-level Boolean operations such as AND, OR
and NOT that are the basis of all digital computation.
The optical equivalent requires material with a non-linear
refractive index such that light beams can interact with each
other to perform the same Boolean operations.
Though the photons that carry optical signals offer some
theoretical advantages over the electrons that carry
electronic signals, there are many practical problems that
would have to be overcome before optical computing could
compete in terms of cost, power and speed.
(2015-08-21)
|
parallel computing
(foldoc) | parallel processing
multiprocessing
multiprocessor
parallel
parallel computing
(Or "multiprocessing") The simultaneous use of more
than one computer to solve a problem. There are many
different kinds of parallel computer (or "parallel
processor"). They are distinguished by the kind of
interconnection between processors (known as "processing
elements" or PEs) and between processors and memory. {Flynn's
taxonomy} also classifies parallel (and serial) computers
according to whether all processors execute the same
instructions at the same time ("{single instruction/multiple
data}" - SIMD) or each processor executes different
instructions ("multiple instruction/multiple data" - MIMD).
The processors may either communicate in order to be able to
cooperate in solving a problem or they may run completely
independently, possibly under the control of another processor
which distributes work to the others and collects results from
them (a "processor farm"). The difficulty of cooperative
problem solving is aptly demonstrated by the following dubious
reasoning:
If it takes one man one minute to dig a post-hole
then sixty men can dig it in one second.
Amdahl's Law states this more formally.
Processors communicate via some kind of network or bus or a
combination of both. Memory may be either shared memory
(all processors have equal access to all memory) or private
(each processor has its own memory - "distributed memory")
or a combination of both.
Many different software systems have been designed for
programming parallel computers, both at the operating system
and programming language level. These systems must provide
mechanisms for partitioning the overall problem into separate
tasks and allocating tasks to processors. Such mechanisms may
provide either implicit parallelism - the system (the
compiler or some other program) partitions the problem and
allocates tasks to processors automatically or {explicit
parallelism} where the programmer must annotate his program to
show how it is to be partitioned. It is also usual to provide
synchronisation primitives such as semaphores and monitors
to allow processes to share resources without conflict.
Load balancing attempts to keep all processors busy by
allocating new tasks, or by moving existing tasks between
processors, according to some algorithm.
Communication between tasks may be either via shared memory
or message passing. Either may be implemented in terms of
the other and in fact, at the lowest level, shared memory uses
message passing since the address and data signals which flow
between processor and memory may be considered as messages.
The terms "parallel processing" and "multiprocessing" imply
multiple processors working on one task whereas "{concurrent
processing}" and "multitasking" imply a single processor
sharing its time between several tasks.
See also cellular automaton,symmetric multi-processing.
Usenet newsgroup: news:comp.parallel.
Institutions (http://ccsf.caltech.edu/other_sites.html),
{research groups
(http://cs.cmu.edu/~scandal/research-groups.html)}.
(2004-11-07)
|
quantum computing
(foldoc) | quantum computer
quantum computing
A type of computer which uses the ability of
quantum systems, such as a collection of atoms, to be in many
different states at once. In theory, such superpositions
allow the computer to perform many different computations
simultaneously. This capability is combined with interference
among the states to produce answers to some problems, such as
factoring integers, much more rapidly than is possible with
conventional computers. In practice, such machines have not
yet been built due to their extreme sensitivity to noise.
Oxford University (http://eve.physics.ox.ac.uk/QChome.html),
Stanford University (http://feynman.stanford.edu/qcomp/).
A {quantum search algorithm
(ftp://parcftp.xerox.com/pub/dynamics/quantum.html)} for
constraint satisfaction problems exhibits the phase
transition for NP-complete problems.
(1997-02-11)
|
retrocomputing
(foldoc) | retrocomputing
/ret'-roh-k*m-pyoo'ting/ Refers to emulations of
way-behind-the-state-of-the-art hardware or software, or
implementations of never-was-state-of-the-art; especially if
such implementations are elaborate practical jokes and/or
parodies, written mostly for hack value, of more "serious"
designs. Perhaps the most widely distributed retrocomputing
utility was the "pnch(6)" or "bcd(6)" program on V7 and other
early Unix versions, which would accept up to 80 characters of
text argument and display the corresponding pattern in
punched card code. Other well-known retrocomputing hacks
have included the programming language INTERCAL, a
JCL-emulating shell for Unix, the card-punch-emulating
editor named 029, and various elaborate PDP-11 hardware
emulators and RT-11 OS emulators written just to keep an old,
sourceless Zork binary running.
[Jargon File]
|
ubiquitous computing
(foldoc) | ubiquitous computing
Computers everywhere. Making many computers available
throughout the physical environment, while making them
effectively invisible to the user. Ubiquitous computing is
held by some to be the Third Wave of computing. The First
Wave was many people per computer, the Second Wave was one
person per computer. The Third Wave will be many computers
per person. Three key technical issues are: power
consumption, user interface, and wireless connectivity.
The idea of ubiquitous computing as invisible computation was
first articulated by Mark Weiser in 1988 at the Computer
Science Lab at Xerox PARC.
(http://ubiq.com/hypertext/weiser/weiser.html).
(1994-12-23)
|
university of london computing centre
(foldoc) | University of London Computing Centre
ULCC
(ULCC) One of the UK's national high
performance computing centres. It provides networking
services and large-scale computing facilities which are used
by researchers from all over the UK.
ULCC was founded in 1968 to provide a service for education
and research. It has been at the forefront of advanced
research computing since its foundation, initially providing
large-scale CDC-based facilities, then from 1982 to 1991 a
national Cray vector supercomputing service. Its high
performance computing facilities are now centred on a 6
processor, 4 Gbyte Convex C3860 supercomputer (Neptune)
with a Convex C3200 front-end (Pluto).
ULCC is the main site for national and international network
connections in the UK. They run the {Network Operations and
Service Centre} for the JANET Internet Protocol Service
(JIPS), the largest of the JANET NOCs and various
international links and relays on behalf of UKERNA.
ULCC's pilot National Data Repository service provides a
network-accessible digital archive and filestore, based on a
robotic tape system with 6 terabytes of storage. Although the
data is stored on tape, you can access it very quickly, as if
it were on-line. It is made available to you via high-speed
links to the JANET and SuperJANET networks.
(http://ulcc.ac.uk/).
(1994-11-29)
|
retrocomputing
(jargon) | retrocomputing
/ret'·roh·k@m·pyoo'ting/, n.
Refers to emulations of way-behind-the-state-of-the-art hardware or
software, or implementations of never-was-state-of-the-art; esp. if such
implementations are elaborate practical jokes and/or parodies, written
mostly for hack value, of more ‘serious’ designs. Perhaps the most widely
distributed retrocomputing utility was the pnch(6) or bcd(6) program on V7
and other early Unix versions, which would accept up to 80 characters of
text argument and display the corresponding pattern in punched card code.
Other well-known retrocomputing hacks have included the programming
language INTERCAL, a JCL-emulating shell for Unix, the
card-punch-emulating editor named 029, and various elaborate PDP-11
hardware emulators and RT-11 OS emulators written just to keep an old,
sourceless Zork binary running.
A tasty selection of retrocomputing programs are made available at the
Retrocomputing Museum, http://www.catb.org/retro/.
|
|