| | podobné slovo | definícia |
xfree86
(encz) | Xfree86,Xfree86 [jmén.] [it.] otevřená implementace X Window System mamm |
americká občanská válka v letech 1861-1865
(czen) | americká občanská válka v letech 1861-1865,Civil War Jiří Šmoldas |
fuel system icing inhibitor (mil-i-27686)
(czen) | Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (MIL-I-27686),FSII[zkr.] [voj.] Zdeněk Brož
a automatický překlad |
robert falcon scott (1868-1912)
(czen) | Robert Falcon Scott (1868-1912),Scottn: [jmén.] anglický polárník Petr
Prášek |
xfree86
(czen) | Xfree86,Xfree86[jmén.] [it.] otevřená implementace X Window System mamm |
C62H86N12O16
(gcide) | actinomycin D \actinomycin D\ n. [From actinomyces, the genus of
the organism in which they were first found.]
The most well-known of the actinomycins (C62H86N12O16), a
class of antibiotics which act by binding to DNA and
inhibiting synthesis of RNA; they act agains gram-positive
bacteria and many eukaryotic organisma. Actinomycin D has
been used in human medicine to treat certain tumors.
Syn: dactinomycin, actinomycin IV, Cosmegen[trade name],
actinomycin C1, actinomycin I1
[PJC] |
1860s
(wn) | 1860s
n 1: the decade from 1860 to 1869 |
atomic number 86
(wn) | atomic number 86
n 1: a radioactive gaseous element formed by the disintegration
of radium; the heaviest of the inert gasses; occurs
naturally (especially in areas over granite) and is
considered a hazard to health [syn: radon, Rn, {atomic
number 86}] |
ru 486
(wn) | RU 486
n 1: an abortion-inducing drug (trade name RU_486) developed in
France; when taken during the first five weeks of pregnancy
it blocks the action of progesterone so that the uterus
sloughs off the embryo [syn: abortion pill,
mifepristone, RU 486] |
386
(foldoc) | Intel 80386
386
80386
i386
(Commonly abbreviated to "386", trademark
"Intel386") The successor to the Intel 80286
microprocessor. It was the first Intel processor with
32-bit data and address busses. It can address four
gigabytes (2^32 bytes) of memory; however, 16 megabytes is a
typical maximum in IBM PCs. The 386 allows multiple
application programs to run at the same time (when running
under 386-specific operating systems) using "{protected
mode}".
The first IBM compatible to use the 386 was the Compaq
386, before IBM used it in high-end models of their PS/2
series. It is also used in HP's RS series and many
others.
It does not require special EMS memory boards to expand
MS-DOS memory limits. With the 386, the EMS standard can be
simulated in normal extended memory, and many DOS add-ons
provide this "Expanded Memory Manager" feature.
See also Intel 80386SX, BSD386.
(1995-02-21)
|
386bsd
(foldoc) | 386BSD
BSD386
jolix
(Or "jolix /joh'liks/) A free software
port originally derived from the generally available parts
of the "Berkeley Net Release/2" to the Intel i386
architecture by William Jolitz and friends. The name Jolix is
used to differentiate it from BSDI's port based on the same
source tape, which is called BSD/386.
Many new and innovative features were added to 386BSD
following its original release in June 1992. An unofficial
patchkit, available from many anonymous FTP archives,
solves many of the problems associated with 386BSD Version
0.1. In addition, many common Unix packages have been ported.
386BSD has been superseded by FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD.
{FAQ
(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/386bsd-faq/part1/faq.html)}.
[Jargon File]
(2006-06-08)
|
386spart.par
(foldoc) | 386SPART.PAR
A system file created by Windows 3.1
for use as a virtual memory swap file. 386SPART.PAR was
normally stored in the root directory and marked as a
hidden file to avoid accidental erasure. Its size depended
on how much virtual memory was configured.
Windows 95 used a similar file named WIN386.SWP.
(2016-12-31)
|
386sx
(foldoc) | Intel 80386SX
386SX
A lower-speed version of the Intel 80386. It
uses a 16-bit data bus instead of a 32-bit data bus. It has a
24-bit address bus. It is faster than the 286, and more
importantly, like the full-size 386, provides more flexibility
in running existing DOS applications. Intel's version runs at
16 MHz, while AMD's can run at up to 33 MHz. It comes in a
PFP package.
(2003-07-05)
|
486
(foldoc) | Intel 486
486
486DX
80486
i486
Intel 80486
(Or "i486", "iAPX 80486", and "Intel DX4" but
usually just "486"). A range of Intel CISC
microprocessors which is part of the Intel 80x86 family of
processors.
The 486s are very similar to their immediate predecessor, the
Intel 80386DX. The main differences are that the 486 has an
optimised instruction set, has an on-chip unified
instruction and data cache, an optional on-chip
floating-point unit (FPU), and an enhanced {bus interface
unit}. These improvements yield a rough doubling in
performance over an Intel 80386 at the same clock rate.
There are several suffixes and variants including:
Intel 486SX - a 486DX with a faulty FPU that has been
disabled in the factory.
Intel 486DX - 486SX with a working FPU.
486DX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SL - 486DX with power conservation circuitry.
486SL-NM - 486SX with power conservation circuitry; SL
enhanced suffix, denotes a 486 with special power conservation
circuitry similar to that in the 486SL processors.
487 - 486DX with a slightly different pinout for use in 486SX
systems.
OverDrive - 486DX-2 with a slightly different pinout for use
in 486SX systems.
RapidCAD - 486DX in a special package with a companion FPU
dummy package for use in Intel 80386 systems.
Intel DX4, Cyrix Cy486SLC.
External clock rates include 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz,
40MHz, although 16Mhz is rare now, and the 20MHz processors
are often clock doubled.
The 486 processor has been licensed or reverse engineered by
other companies such as IBM, AMD, Cyrix, and {Chips &
Technologies}. Some are almost exact duplicates in
specications and performance, some aren't.
The successor to the 486 is the Pentium.
(1995-02-21)
|
486dx
(foldoc) | Intel 486
486
486DX
80486
i486
Intel 80486
(Or "i486", "iAPX 80486", and "Intel DX4" but
usually just "486"). A range of Intel CISC
microprocessors which is part of the Intel 80x86 family of
processors.
The 486s are very similar to their immediate predecessor, the
Intel 80386DX. The main differences are that the 486 has an
optimised instruction set, has an on-chip unified
instruction and data cache, an optional on-chip
floating-point unit (FPU), and an enhanced {bus interface
unit}. These improvements yield a rough doubling in
performance over an Intel 80386 at the same clock rate.
There are several suffixes and variants including:
Intel 486SX - a 486DX with a faulty FPU that has been
disabled in the factory.
Intel 486DX - 486SX with a working FPU.
486DX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SL - 486DX with power conservation circuitry.
486SL-NM - 486SX with power conservation circuitry; SL
enhanced suffix, denotes a 486 with special power conservation
circuitry similar to that in the 486SL processors.
487 - 486DX with a slightly different pinout for use in 486SX
systems.
OverDrive - 486DX-2 with a slightly different pinout for use
in 486SX systems.
RapidCAD - 486DX in a special package with a companion FPU
dummy package for use in Intel 80386 systems.
Intel DX4, Cyrix Cy486SLC.
External clock rates include 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz,
40MHz, although 16Mhz is rare now, and the 20MHz processors
are often clock doubled.
The 486 processor has been licensed or reverse engineered by
other companies such as IBM, AMD, Cyrix, and {Chips &
Technologies}. Some are almost exact duplicates in
specications and performance, some aren't.
The successor to the 486 is the Pentium.
(1995-02-21)
|
486sx
(foldoc) | Intel 486SX
486SX
An Intel 486DX microprocessor with its
floating-point unit disconnected. All 486SX chips were
fabricated with FPUs. If testing showed that the CPU was OK
but the FPU was defective, the FPU's power and bus connections
were destroyed with a laser and the chip was sold cheaper as
an SX, if the FPU worked it was sold as a DX.
[Was this true of all 486SX chips?]
Some systems, e.g. Aopen 486SX, allowed a DX to be plugged
into an expansion socket. A board jumper would disable the SX
which was hard to remove because it was surface mounted.
Some SX chips only had a 16-bit wide external data bus. The
DX has a pin to select the data bus width (16 or 32). On the
smaller SX, that line is hard-wired to 16 inside the
package. This is similar to the 286 SX, which was a 16-bit
processor with an 8-bit external data bus.
The Jargon File claimed that the SX was deliberately
disabled crippleware. The German computer magazine, "c't",
made this same theory the basis of an April Fools Joke.
They claimed that if one drilled a hole of a specified
diameter through the right point on a SX chip, this would
brake the circuit that disables the FPU. Some people actually
tried (and then bought themselves new processors).
(1997-02-14)
|
586
(foldoc) | 586
What Intel's Pentium was not called.
|
686
(foldoc) | 686
Pentium Pro or possibly Cyrix 6x86.
(1997-05-26)
|
6x86
(foldoc) | Cyrix 6x86
6x86
(6x86) IBM and Cyrix's sixth-generation,
64-bit 80x86-compatible microprocessor. The 6x86 combines
aspects of both RISC and CISC. It has a superscalar,
superpipelined core, and performs register renaming,
speculative execution, out-of-order completion, and {data
dependency removal}. It has a 16-kilobyte primary cache and
is socket-compatible with the Pentium P54C. It has four
performance levels: PR 120+, PR 150+, PR 166+ and PR 200+.
The chip was designed by Cyrix and is manufactured by IBM.
The architecture of the 6x86 is more advanced than that of the
Pentium, incorporating some of the features of Intel's
Pentium Pro. At a given clock rate it executes most code
more quickly than a Pentium would. However, its FPU is
considerably less efficient than Intel's.
{IBM FAQ
(http://chips.ibm.com/products/x86/6x86/faqs/6x86_faqs.html)},
{Cyrix FAQ
(http://cyrix.com/process/prodinfo/6x86/faq-6x86.htm)}.
(1997-05-26)
|
80186
(foldoc) | Intel 80186
80186
A microprocessor developed by Intel circa
1982. The 80186 was an improvement on the Intel 8086 and
Intel 8088. As with the 8086, it had a 16-bit {external
bus} and was also available as the Intel 80188, with an
8-bit external data bus. The initial clock rate of the
80186 and 80188 was 6 MHz. They were not used in many
computers, but one notable exception was the Mindset, a very
advanced computer for the time. They were used as {embedded
processors}.
One major function of the 80186/80188 series was to reduce the
number of chips required.
"To satisfy this market, we defined a processor with a
significant performance increase over the 8086 that also
included such common peripheral functions as
software-controlled wait state and chip select logic, three
timers, priority interrupt controller, and two channels of DMA
(direct memory access). This processor, the 80186, could
replace up to 22 separate VLSI (very large scale integration)
and TTL (transistor-transistor logic) packages and sell for
less than the cost of the parts it replaced."
-- Paul Wells of Intel Corporation writing in Byte (reference
below)
New instructions were also introduced as follows:
ENTER Make stcak frame for procedure parameters
LEAVE High-level procedure exit
PUSHA Push all general registers
POPA Pop all general registers
BOUND Check array index against bounds
IMUL Signed (integer) multiply
INS Input from port to string
OUTS Output string to port
["The Evolution of the iAPX 286", Bob Greene, Intel
Corporation, PC Tech Journal, December 1984, page 134].
["The 80286 Microprocessor", Paul Wells, Intel Corporation,
Byte, November 1984, p. 231].
(1999-05-10)
|
80286
(foldoc) | Intel 80286
80286
(Or "286", "i286") A microprocessor developed by
Intel. THe 80286 processor has a 16-bit data bus and
incorporates a memory management unit that allowed a limited
amount of multitasking. The 80286 only has a segmented MMU
while the later processors add a paged MMU "behind" the
segmented one.
The 80286 was the processor in the IBM PC AT {personal
computer}.
(1995-02-21)
|
80386
(foldoc) | Intel 80386
386
80386
i386
(Commonly abbreviated to "386", trademark
"Intel386") The successor to the Intel 80286
microprocessor. It was the first Intel processor with
32-bit data and address busses. It can address four
gigabytes (2^32 bytes) of memory; however, 16 megabytes is a
typical maximum in IBM PCs. The 386 allows multiple
application programs to run at the same time (when running
under 386-specific operating systems) using "{protected
mode}".
The first IBM compatible to use the 386 was the Compaq
386, before IBM used it in high-end models of their PS/2
series. It is also used in HP's RS series and many
others.
It does not require special EMS memory boards to expand
MS-DOS memory limits. With the 386, the EMS standard can be
simulated in normal extended memory, and many DOS add-ons
provide this "Expanded Memory Manager" feature.
See also Intel 80386SX, BSD386.
(1995-02-21)
|
80486
(foldoc) | Intel 486
486
486DX
80486
i486
Intel 80486
(Or "i486", "iAPX 80486", and "Intel DX4" but
usually just "486"). A range of Intel CISC
microprocessors which is part of the Intel 80x86 family of
processors.
The 486s are very similar to their immediate predecessor, the
Intel 80386DX. The main differences are that the 486 has an
optimised instruction set, has an on-chip unified
instruction and data cache, an optional on-chip
floating-point unit (FPU), and an enhanced {bus interface
unit}. These improvements yield a rough doubling in
performance over an Intel 80386 at the same clock rate.
There are several suffixes and variants including:
Intel 486SX - a 486DX with a faulty FPU that has been
disabled in the factory.
Intel 486DX - 486SX with a working FPU.
486DX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SL - 486DX with power conservation circuitry.
486SL-NM - 486SX with power conservation circuitry; SL
enhanced suffix, denotes a 486 with special power conservation
circuitry similar to that in the 486SL processors.
487 - 486DX with a slightly different pinout for use in 486SX
systems.
OverDrive - 486DX-2 with a slightly different pinout for use
in 486SX systems.
RapidCAD - 486DX in a special package with a companion FPU
dummy package for use in Intel 80386 systems.
Intel DX4, Cyrix Cy486SLC.
External clock rates include 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz,
40MHz, although 16Mhz is rare now, and the 20MHz processors
are often clock doubled.
The 486 processor has been licensed or reverse engineered by
other companies such as IBM, AMD, Cyrix, and {Chips &
Technologies}. Some are almost exact duplicates in
specications and performance, some aren't.
The successor to the 486 is the Pentium.
(1995-02-21)
|
8086
(foldoc) | Intel 8086
8086
A sixteen bit microprocessor chip used in early
IBM PCs. The Intel 8088 was a version with an eight-bit
external data bus.
The Intel 8086 was based on the design of the Intel 8080 and
Intel 8085 (it was source compatible with the 8080) with a
similar register set, but was expanded to 16 bits. The Bus
Interface Unit fed the instruction stream to the Execution
Unit through a 6 byte prefetch queue, so fetch and execution
were concurrent - a primitive form of pipelining (8086
instructions varied from 1 to 4 bytes).
It featured four 16-bit general registers, which could also
be accessed as eight 8-bit registers, and four 16-bit {index
registers} (including the stack pointer). The data
registers were often used implicitly by instructions,
complicating register allocation for temporary values. It
featured 64K 8-bit I/O (or 32K 16 bit) ports and fixed
vectored interrupts. There were also four {segment
registers} that could be set from index registers.
The segment registers allowed the CPU to access 1 meg of
memory in an odd way. Rather than just supplying missing
bytes, as most segmented processors, the 8086 actually shifted
the segment registers left 4 bits and added it to the address.
As a result, segments overlapped, and it was possible to have
two pointers with the same value point to two different memory
locations, or two pointers with different values pointing to
the same location. Most people consider this a {brain
damaged} design.
Although this was largely acceptable for assembly language,
where control of the segments was complete (it could even be
useful then), in higher level languages it caused constant
confusion (e.g. near/far pointers). Even worse, this made
expanding the address space to more than 1 meg difficult. A
later version, the Intel 80386, expanded the design to 32
bits, and "fixed" the segmentation, but required extra modes
(suppressing the new features) for compatibility, and retains
the awkward architecture. In fact, with the right assembler,
code written for the 8008 can still be run on the most recent
Intel 486.
The Intel 80386 added new op codes in a kludgy fashion
similar to the Zilog Z80 and Zilog Z280. The {Intel
486} added full pipelines, and clock doubling (like the
Zilog Z280).
So why did IBM chose the 8086 series when most of the
alternatives were so much better? Apparently IBM's own
engineers wanted to use the Motorola 68000, and it was used
later in the forgotten IBM Instruments 9000 Laboratory
Computer, but IBM already had rights to manufacture the 8086,
in exchange for giving Intel the rights to its bubble memory
designs. Apparently IBM was using 8086s in the IBM
Displaywriter word processor.
Other factors were the 8-bit Intel 8088 version, which could
use existing Intel 8085-type components, and allowed the
computer to be based on a modified 8085 design. 68000
components were not widely available, though it could use
Motorola 6800 components to an extent.
Intel bubble memory was on the market for a while, but
faded away as better and cheaper memory technologies arrived.
(1994-12-23)
|
80x86
(foldoc) | Intel 80x86
80x86
8x86
Intel x86
x86
(x86) One of the family of Intel
microprocessors including the Intel 80186, Intel 80286,
Intel 80386, Intel 486, in a more general sense also
Intel 8086, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II.
The abbreviation "x86" also includes compatible processors,
e.g. from Cyrix or AMD.
(2004-02-27)
|
8x86
(foldoc) | Intel 80x86
80x86
8x86
Intel x86
x86
(x86) One of the family of Intel
microprocessors including the Intel 80186, Intel 80286,
Intel 80386, Intel 486, in a more general sense also
Intel 8086, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II.
The abbreviation "x86" also includes compatible processors,
e.g. from Cyrix or AMD.
(2004-02-27)
|
bsd386
(foldoc) | 386BSD
BSD386
jolix
(Or "jolix /joh'liks/) A free software
port originally derived from the generally available parts
of the "Berkeley Net Release/2" to the Intel i386
architecture by William Jolitz and friends. The name Jolix is
used to differentiate it from BSDI's port based on the same
source tape, which is called BSD/386.
Many new and innovative features were added to 386BSD
following its original release in June 1992. An unofficial
patchkit, available from many anonymous FTP archives,
solves many of the problems associated with 386BSD Version
0.1. In addition, many common Unix packages have been ported.
386BSD has been superseded by FreeBSD, NetBSD and OpenBSD.
{FAQ
(http://cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/386bsd-faq/part1/faq.html)}.
[Jargon File]
(2006-06-08)
|
c386
(foldoc) | c386
c68
A compiler for K&R C plus prototypes and other
ANSI C features by Matthew Brandt, Christoph van Wuellen,
Keith and Dave Walker. c386 is targetted to several 68000
and Intel 80386 assemblers, including gas.
floating-point support is by inline code or emulation.
It can produce lots of warnings and generates better code than
ACK.
{Version 4.2a
(ftp://bugs.nosc.mil/pub/Minix/common-pkgs/c386-4.2.tar.Z)}.
(2009-11-11)
|
cluster 86
(foldoc) | Cluster 86
A distributed object-oriented language by
L. Shang of Nanjing University,
ca. 1986. A cluster is a metatype.
There are versions for MS-DOS and Unix.
["Cluster: An Informal Report", L. Shang, SIGPLAN Notices
26(1):57-76, Jan 1991].
(1994-12-21)
|
cy486slc
(foldoc) | Cy486SLC
A version of the Intel 486 made by Cyrix. It has a
486SX instruction set, a 1 kilobyte cache, and an {Intel
80386SX}-compatible pinout and thus, 16-bit data bus.
(1994-11-30)
|
cyrix 6x86
(foldoc) | Cyrix 6x86
6x86
(6x86) IBM and Cyrix's sixth-generation,
64-bit 80x86-compatible microprocessor. The 6x86 combines
aspects of both RISC and CISC. It has a superscalar,
superpipelined core, and performs register renaming,
speculative execution, out-of-order completion, and {data
dependency removal}. It has a 16-kilobyte primary cache and
is socket-compatible with the Pentium P54C. It has four
performance levels: PR 120+, PR 150+, PR 166+ and PR 200+.
The chip was designed by Cyrix and is manufactured by IBM.
The architecture of the 6x86 is more advanced than that of the
Pentium, incorporating some of the features of Intel's
Pentium Pro. At a given clock rate it executes most code
more quickly than a Pentium would. However, its FPU is
considerably less efficient than Intel's.
{IBM FAQ
(http://chips.ibm.com/products/x86/6x86/faqs/6x86_faqs.html)},
{Cyrix FAQ
(http://cyrix.com/process/prodinfo/6x86/faq-6x86.htm)}.
(1997-05-26)
|
emm386
(foldoc) | EMM386
An expanded memory manager for IBM PCs
with an Intel 80386 or higher processor, part of MS-DOS
version 5.00 or higher. EMM386 uses extended memory to
simulate expanded memory and also provides {upper memory
blocks}. It must be loaded by a DEVICE= command in your
CONFIG.SYS file.
(1996-01-13)
|
i386
(foldoc) | Intel 80386
386
80386
i386
(Commonly abbreviated to "386", trademark
"Intel386") The successor to the Intel 80286
microprocessor. It was the first Intel processor with
32-bit data and address busses. It can address four
gigabytes (2^32 bytes) of memory; however, 16 megabytes is a
typical maximum in IBM PCs. The 386 allows multiple
application programs to run at the same time (when running
under 386-specific operating systems) using "{protected
mode}".
The first IBM compatible to use the 386 was the Compaq
386, before IBM used it in high-end models of their PS/2
series. It is also used in HP's RS series and many
others.
It does not require special EMS memory boards to expand
MS-DOS memory limits. With the 386, the EMS standard can be
simulated in normal extended memory, and many DOS add-ons
provide this "Expanded Memory Manager" feature.
See also Intel 80386SX, BSD386.
(1995-02-21)
|
i486
(foldoc) | Intel 486
486
486DX
80486
i486
Intel 80486
(Or "i486", "iAPX 80486", and "Intel DX4" but
usually just "486"). A range of Intel CISC
microprocessors which is part of the Intel 80x86 family of
processors.
The 486s are very similar to their immediate predecessor, the
Intel 80386DX. The main differences are that the 486 has an
optimised instruction set, has an on-chip unified
instruction and data cache, an optional on-chip
floating-point unit (FPU), and an enhanced {bus interface
unit}. These improvements yield a rough doubling in
performance over an Intel 80386 at the same clock rate.
There are several suffixes and variants including:
Intel 486SX - a 486DX with a faulty FPU that has been
disabled in the factory.
Intel 486DX - 486SX with a working FPU.
486DX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SL - 486DX with power conservation circuitry.
486SL-NM - 486SX with power conservation circuitry; SL
enhanced suffix, denotes a 486 with special power conservation
circuitry similar to that in the 486SL processors.
487 - 486DX with a slightly different pinout for use in 486SX
systems.
OverDrive - 486DX-2 with a slightly different pinout for use
in 486SX systems.
RapidCAD - 486DX in a special package with a companion FPU
dummy package for use in Intel 80386 systems.
Intel DX4, Cyrix Cy486SLC.
External clock rates include 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz,
40MHz, although 16Mhz is rare now, and the 20MHz processors
are often clock doubled.
The 486 processor has been licensed or reverse engineered by
other companies such as IBM, AMD, Cyrix, and {Chips &
Technologies}. Some are almost exact duplicates in
specications and performance, some aren't.
The successor to the 486 is the Pentium.
(1995-02-21)
|
i860
(foldoc) | i860
A 32/64-bit superscalar RISC microprocessor
from Intel, released in 1989. Originally codenamed "N10".
It has a 32-bit integer ALU and a 64-bit {floating-point
unit}. It has a 64-bit data bus with an initialisation mode
which only uses eight bits of the data bus to allow the use of
a small boot ROM. It has a 32-bit wide instruction cache
and a separate 64-bit wide data cache. It uses {register
scoreboarding} and register bypassing. The clock rate is
33 MHz with a clock-doubled version available.
(1998-03-28)
|
intel 486
(foldoc) | Intel 486
486
486DX
80486
i486
Intel 80486
(Or "i486", "iAPX 80486", and "Intel DX4" but
usually just "486"). A range of Intel CISC
microprocessors which is part of the Intel 80x86 family of
processors.
The 486s are very similar to their immediate predecessor, the
Intel 80386DX. The main differences are that the 486 has an
optimised instruction set, has an on-chip unified
instruction and data cache, an optional on-chip
floating-point unit (FPU), and an enhanced {bus interface
unit}. These improvements yield a rough doubling in
performance over an Intel 80386 at the same clock rate.
There are several suffixes and variants including:
Intel 486SX - a 486DX with a faulty FPU that has been
disabled in the factory.
Intel 486DX - 486SX with a working FPU.
486DX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SL - 486DX with power conservation circuitry.
486SL-NM - 486SX with power conservation circuitry; SL
enhanced suffix, denotes a 486 with special power conservation
circuitry similar to that in the 486SL processors.
487 - 486DX with a slightly different pinout for use in 486SX
systems.
OverDrive - 486DX-2 with a slightly different pinout for use
in 486SX systems.
RapidCAD - 486DX in a special package with a companion FPU
dummy package for use in Intel 80386 systems.
Intel DX4, Cyrix Cy486SLC.
External clock rates include 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz,
40MHz, although 16Mhz is rare now, and the 20MHz processors
are often clock doubled.
The 486 processor has been licensed or reverse engineered by
other companies such as IBM, AMD, Cyrix, and {Chips &
Technologies}. Some are almost exact duplicates in
specications and performance, some aren't.
The successor to the 486 is the Pentium.
(1995-02-21)
|
intel 486dx
(foldoc) | Intel 486DX
One of Intel's Intel 486 family of
microprocessors (one of the last before the Pentium). The
486DX has a working built-in floating point unit (FPU). The
Intel 486SX is effectively a DX with the FPU disabled. The
DX has a pin to select the external data bus width (16 or
32).
The Intel 487SX is a 486DX with a 486SX pinout.
(1995-05-09)
|
intel 486sx
(foldoc) | Intel 486SX
486SX
An Intel 486DX microprocessor with its
floating-point unit disconnected. All 486SX chips were
fabricated with FPUs. If testing showed that the CPU was OK
but the FPU was defective, the FPU's power and bus connections
were destroyed with a laser and the chip was sold cheaper as
an SX, if the FPU worked it was sold as a DX.
[Was this true of all 486SX chips?]
Some systems, e.g. Aopen 486SX, allowed a DX to be plugged
into an expansion socket. A board jumper would disable the SX
which was hard to remove because it was surface mounted.
Some SX chips only had a 16-bit wide external data bus. The
DX has a pin to select the data bus width (16 or 32). On the
smaller SX, that line is hard-wired to 16 inside the
package. This is similar to the 286 SX, which was a 16-bit
processor with an 8-bit external data bus.
The Jargon File claimed that the SX was deliberately
disabled crippleware. The German computer magazine, "c't",
made this same theory the basis of an April Fools Joke.
They claimed that if one drilled a hole of a specified
diameter through the right point on a SX chip, this would
brake the circuit that disables the FPU. Some people actually
tried (and then bought themselves new processors).
(1997-02-14)
|
intel 80186
(foldoc) | Intel 80186
80186
A microprocessor developed by Intel circa
1982. The 80186 was an improvement on the Intel 8086 and
Intel 8088. As with the 8086, it had a 16-bit {external
bus} and was also available as the Intel 80188, with an
8-bit external data bus. The initial clock rate of the
80186 and 80188 was 6 MHz. They were not used in many
computers, but one notable exception was the Mindset, a very
advanced computer for the time. They were used as {embedded
processors}.
One major function of the 80186/80188 series was to reduce the
number of chips required.
"To satisfy this market, we defined a processor with a
significant performance increase over the 8086 that also
included such common peripheral functions as
software-controlled wait state and chip select logic, three
timers, priority interrupt controller, and two channels of DMA
(direct memory access). This processor, the 80186, could
replace up to 22 separate VLSI (very large scale integration)
and TTL (transistor-transistor logic) packages and sell for
less than the cost of the parts it replaced."
-- Paul Wells of Intel Corporation writing in Byte (reference
below)
New instructions were also introduced as follows:
ENTER Make stcak frame for procedure parameters
LEAVE High-level procedure exit
PUSHA Push all general registers
POPA Pop all general registers
BOUND Check array index against bounds
IMUL Signed (integer) multiply
INS Input from port to string
OUTS Output string to port
["The Evolution of the iAPX 286", Bob Greene, Intel
Corporation, PC Tech Journal, December 1984, page 134].
["The 80286 Microprocessor", Paul Wells, Intel Corporation,
Byte, November 1984, p. 231].
(1999-05-10)
|
intel 80286
(foldoc) | Intel 80286
80286
(Or "286", "i286") A microprocessor developed by
Intel. THe 80286 processor has a 16-bit data bus and
incorporates a memory management unit that allowed a limited
amount of multitasking. The 80286 only has a segmented MMU
while the later processors add a paged MMU "behind" the
segmented one.
The 80286 was the processor in the IBM PC AT {personal
computer}.
(1995-02-21)
|
intel 80386
(foldoc) | Intel 80386
386
80386
i386
(Commonly abbreviated to "386", trademark
"Intel386") The successor to the Intel 80286
microprocessor. It was the first Intel processor with
32-bit data and address busses. It can address four
gigabytes (2^32 bytes) of memory; however, 16 megabytes is a
typical maximum in IBM PCs. The 386 allows multiple
application programs to run at the same time (when running
under 386-specific operating systems) using "{protected
mode}".
The first IBM compatible to use the 386 was the Compaq
386, before IBM used it in high-end models of their PS/2
series. It is also used in HP's RS series and many
others.
It does not require special EMS memory boards to expand
MS-DOS memory limits. With the 386, the EMS standard can be
simulated in normal extended memory, and many DOS add-ons
provide this "Expanded Memory Manager" feature.
See also Intel 80386SX, BSD386.
(1995-02-21)
|
intel 80386dx
(foldoc) | Intel 80386DX
A version of the Intel 80386 with a 32-bit {data
bus} and 32-bit address bus, a BGA. The 386DX was clocked
at 16 to 33 MHz by Intel and up to 40 MHz by AMD. It
comes in a BGA package.
(2003-07-05)
|
intel 80386sx
(foldoc) | Intel 80386SX
386SX
A lower-speed version of the Intel 80386. It
uses a 16-bit data bus instead of a 32-bit data bus. It has a
24-bit address bus. It is faster than the 286, and more
importantly, like the full-size 386, provides more flexibility
in running existing DOS applications. Intel's version runs at
16 MHz, while AMD's can run at up to 33 MHz. It comes in a
PFP package.
(2003-07-05)
|
intel 80486
(foldoc) | Intel 486
486
486DX
80486
i486
Intel 80486
(Or "i486", "iAPX 80486", and "Intel DX4" but
usually just "486"). A range of Intel CISC
microprocessors which is part of the Intel 80x86 family of
processors.
The 486s are very similar to their immediate predecessor, the
Intel 80386DX. The main differences are that the 486 has an
optimised instruction set, has an on-chip unified
instruction and data cache, an optional on-chip
floating-point unit (FPU), and an enhanced {bus interface
unit}. These improvements yield a rough doubling in
performance over an Intel 80386 at the same clock rate.
There are several suffixes and variants including:
Intel 486SX - a 486DX with a faulty FPU that has been
disabled in the factory.
Intel 486DX - 486SX with a working FPU.
486DX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SX-2 - runs at twice the external clock rate.
486SL - 486DX with power conservation circuitry.
486SL-NM - 486SX with power conservation circuitry; SL
enhanced suffix, denotes a 486 with special power conservation
circuitry similar to that in the 486SL processors.
487 - 486DX with a slightly different pinout for use in 486SX
systems.
OverDrive - 486DX-2 with a slightly different pinout for use
in 486SX systems.
RapidCAD - 486DX in a special package with a companion FPU
dummy package for use in Intel 80386 systems.
Intel DX4, Cyrix Cy486SLC.
External clock rates include 16MHz, 20MHz, 25MHz, 33MHz,
40MHz, although 16Mhz is rare now, and the 20MHz processors
are often clock doubled.
The 486 processor has been licensed or reverse engineered by
other companies such as IBM, AMD, Cyrix, and {Chips &
Technologies}. Some are almost exact duplicates in
specications and performance, some aren't.
The successor to the 486 is the Pentium.
(1995-02-21)
|
intel 8086
(foldoc) | Intel 8086
8086
A sixteen bit microprocessor chip used in early
IBM PCs. The Intel 8088 was a version with an eight-bit
external data bus.
The Intel 8086 was based on the design of the Intel 8080 and
Intel 8085 (it was source compatible with the 8080) with a
similar register set, but was expanded to 16 bits. The Bus
Interface Unit fed the instruction stream to the Execution
Unit through a 6 byte prefetch queue, so fetch and execution
were concurrent - a primitive form of pipelining (8086
instructions varied from 1 to 4 bytes).
It featured four 16-bit general registers, which could also
be accessed as eight 8-bit registers, and four 16-bit {index
registers} (including the stack pointer). The data
registers were often used implicitly by instructions,
complicating register allocation for temporary values. It
featured 64K 8-bit I/O (or 32K 16 bit) ports and fixed
vectored interrupts. There were also four {segment
registers} that could be set from index registers.
The segment registers allowed the CPU to access 1 meg of
memory in an odd way. Rather than just supplying missing
bytes, as most segmented processors, the 8086 actually shifted
the segment registers left 4 bits and added it to the address.
As a result, segments overlapped, and it was possible to have
two pointers with the same value point to two different memory
locations, or two pointers with different values pointing to
the same location. Most people consider this a {brain
damaged} design.
Although this was largely acceptable for assembly language,
where control of the segments was complete (it could even be
useful then), in higher level languages it caused constant
confusion (e.g. near/far pointers). Even worse, this made
expanding the address space to more than 1 meg difficult. A
later version, the Intel 80386, expanded the design to 32
bits, and "fixed" the segmentation, but required extra modes
(suppressing the new features) for compatibility, and retains
the awkward architecture. In fact, with the right assembler,
code written for the 8008 can still be run on the most recent
Intel 486.
The Intel 80386 added new op codes in a kludgy fashion
similar to the Zilog Z80 and Zilog Z280. The {Intel
486} added full pipelines, and clock doubling (like the
Zilog Z280).
So why did IBM chose the 8086 series when most of the
alternatives were so much better? Apparently IBM's own
engineers wanted to use the Motorola 68000, and it was used
later in the forgotten IBM Instruments 9000 Laboratory
Computer, but IBM already had rights to manufacture the 8086,
in exchange for giving Intel the rights to its bubble memory
designs. Apparently IBM was using 8086s in the IBM
Displaywriter word processor.
Other factors were the 8-bit Intel 8088 version, which could
use existing Intel 8085-type components, and allowed the
computer to be based on a modified 8085 design. 68000
components were not widely available, though it could use
Motorola 6800 components to an extent.
Intel bubble memory was on the market for a while, but
faded away as better and cheaper memory technologies arrived.
(1994-12-23)
|
intel 80x86
(foldoc) | Intel 80x86
80x86
8x86
Intel x86
x86
(x86) One of the family of Intel
microprocessors including the Intel 80186, Intel 80286,
Intel 80386, Intel 486, in a more general sense also
Intel 8086, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II.
The abbreviation "x86" also includes compatible processors,
e.g. from Cyrix or AMD.
(2004-02-27)
|
intel x86
(foldoc) | Intel 80x86
80x86
8x86
Intel x86
x86
(x86) One of the family of Intel
microprocessors including the Intel 80186, Intel 80286,
Intel 80386, Intel 486, in a more general sense also
Intel 8086, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II.
The abbreviation "x86" also includes compatible processors,
e.g. from Cyrix or AMD.
(2004-02-27)
|
iso 8613
(foldoc) | Open Document Architecture
ISO 8613
(ODA) ISO standard (8613) for describing
documents. It allows text, graphics, and facsimile documents
to be transferred between different systems.
ODIF is part of ODA.
(1995-03-03)
|
iso 8649
(foldoc) | Association Control Service Element
ACSE
ISO 8649
ISO 8650
X.217
X.227
(ACSE) The OSI method for establishing a call
between two application programs. ACSE checks the
identities and contexts of the application entities, and could
apply an authentication security check.
Documents: ITU Rec. X.227 (ISO 8650), X.217 (ISO 8649)
(1997-12-07)
|
iso 8650
(foldoc) | Association Control Service Element
ACSE
ISO 8649
ISO 8650
X.217
X.227
(ACSE) The OSI method for establishing a call
between two application programs. ACSE checks the
identities and contexts of the application entities, and could
apply an authentication security check.
Documents: ITU Rec. X.227 (ISO 8650), X.217 (ISO 8649)
(1997-12-07)
|
qemm386
(foldoc) | QEMM386
A combined expanded memory manager and
extended memory manager for IBM PCs with an Intel 80386
or higher processor from Quarterdeck Office Systems.
QEMM386 can also act as an UMB provider and an {A20
handler}.
(1996-01-10)
|
rfc 1861
(foldoc) | RFC 1861
The RFC defining {Simple Network
Paging Protocol}. See also RFC 1568.
(rfc:1861).
(1997-04-25)
|
virtual 86 mode
(foldoc) | virtual 86 mode
(Or "virtual mode" or "virtual 8086
mode") An operating mode provided by the Intel 80386 and
later processors to allow real mode programs to run under
operating systems which use protected mode. In this
sub-mode of protected mode, an operating environment is
created which mimics the address calculation in real mode.
In virtual 86 mode the segment MMU is practically turned off
and the segment registers exhibit the same behaviour as in
real mode. The paged MMU, however, still operates. This
means that the one megabyte address space of real mode can
be remapped in four kilobyte pages to anywhere in the 32 bit
physical address space. Each page can be protected
separately from read or write accesses.
Virtual mode is handled on a per-task-basis, so each
exception (from protection violations or interrupts)
switches the processor back into protected mode. It is
therefore possible to have multiple tasks in virtual mode
which run concurrently under the control of an operating
system which runs in protected mode.
Most operating system services in MS-DOS systems are called
by software interrupts, which are a kind of exception. If
an MS-DOS application runs in virtual mode under the control
of a protected mode operating system, each call to MS-DOS
causes a switch to protected mode. The operating system
emulates the MS-DOS service and switches back to the
application in virtual mode. From the viewpoint of the
application nothing differs from real mode.
Microsoft Windows, Windows NT, and OS/2 use this feature
to implement "DOS-boxes" in which both MS-DOS and real mode
application programs can run.
|
win386.swp
(foldoc) | WIN386.SWP
The Windows 95 virtual memory {swap
file}, like the 386SPART.PAR file used by Windows 3.1.
(2018-07-23)
|
windows/286
(foldoc) | Windows 2
Windows/286
The second version of Microsoft Windows,
released in 1987. Windows 2 had considerably more features
than Windows 1, such as overlapping windows and icons.
When Windows/386 was released, Windows 2 was renamed
Windows/286.
|
windows/386
(foldoc) | Windows/386
A version of Microsoft Windows released
in late 1987. Windows/386 was basically the same as its
predecessor, Windows/286 (as Windows 2 was renamed), but
with the capability to run multiple MS-DOS applications
simultaneously in extended memory.
(1996-07-08)
|
x86
(foldoc) | Intel 80x86
80x86
8x86
Intel x86
x86
(x86) One of the family of Intel
microprocessors including the Intel 80186, Intel 80286,
Intel 80386, Intel 486, in a more general sense also
Intel 8086, Pentium, Pentium Pro, and Pentium II.
The abbreviation "x86" also includes compatible processors,
e.g. from Cyrix or AMD.
(2004-02-27)
|
x86 processor socket
(foldoc) | x86 processor socket
Socket 1
Socket 2
Socket 3
Socket 4
Socket 5
Socket 6
One of the series of standard sockets
into which you can plug various x86 microprocessors.
These vary in the number of pins, package, voltages, bus
speeds, and supported processors. Motherboards often have
clock multipliers so that the processor runs at a multiple
of the bus speed.
Socket 1, 169 pin LIF/ZIF PGA (17x17), 5v, 16-33 MHz
486 SX, 486 DX, 486 DX2, DX4 Overdrive. Socket 1 was
the first standard Intel 486 socket.
Socket 2, 238 pin LIF/ZIF PGA (19x19), 5v, 25-50 MHz 486 SX,
486 DX, 486 DX2, 486 DX4, DX4 & Pentium Overdrive. Updated
Socket 1, added support for Pentium Overdrive processors.
Socket 3, 237 pin LIF/ZIF PGA (19x19), 3.3/5v, 25-50 MHz 486
SX, 486 DX, 486 DX2, 486 DX4, DX4 & Pentium Overdrive.
Supports 5V & 3.3V processors, considered the latest 486
socket.
Socket 4, 273 pin LIF/ZIF PGA (21x21), 5v, 60/66 MHz Pentium
60/66 and Pentium Overdrive, only 5v.
Socket 5, 296 pin LIF/ZIF, 320 pin LIF/ZIF SPGA (19x19 or
37x37), 3.3v, 50/60/66 MHz Pentium 75 - 133MHz, Pentium
Overdrive, only 3.3v.
Socket 6, 235 pin ZIF PGA (19x19), 3.3v, 25-40MHz. Unpopular
advanced Socket 3, rarely seen / paper spec 486 DX4, Pentium
Overdrive, only 3.3v.
See also Socket 7, Socket 8, Super 7, Slot 1, {Slot
2}, Slot A.
{CPU Sockets chart
(http://users.erols.com/chare/sockets.htm)}.
CPU Sockets (http://webm3308.ntx.net/cpusockets.htm).
(1999-08-05)
|
xfree86 project, inc.
(foldoc) | XFree86 Project, Inc.
A non-profit organisation that
produces XFree86, a freely redistributable implementation of
the X Window System that runs on Unix and Unix-like
operating systems and OS/2. The XFree86 Project has
traditionally focused on Intel x86 based platforms (hence
the "86"), but the current release supports other platforms.
(http://xfree86.org/).
(1999-04-02)
|
da86
(vera) | DA86
DatenAustauschphase 86 [zuschlag/auftragserteilung] (GAEB)
|
|