| slovo | definícia |
fraction
(mass) | fraction
- zlomok, frakcia, deliť |
fraction
(encz) | fraction,frakce Zdeněk Brož |
fraction
(encz) | fraction,frakce (systému) [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
fraction
(encz) | fraction,podíl n: PetrV |
fraction
(encz) | fraction,střepina n: PetrV |
fraction
(encz) | fraction,úlomek n: PetrV |
fraction
(encz) | fraction,zlomek n: [mat.] |
fraction
(encz) | fraction,zlomkový adj: Zdeněk Brož |
Fraction
(gcide) | Fraction \Frac"tion\, v. t. (Chem.)
To separate by means of, or to subject to, fractional
distillation or crystallization; to fractionate; --
frequently used with out; as, to fraction out a certain grade
of oil from pretroleum.
[1913 Webster] |
Fraction
(gcide) | Fraction \Frac"tion\, n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking,
fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.]
1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially
by violence. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to
any fraction or breaking up. --Foxe.
[1913 Webster]
2. A portion; a fragment.
[1913 Webster]
Some niggard fractions of an hour. --Tennyson.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or
whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a
unit or magnitude.
[1913 Webster]
Common fraction, or Vulgar fraction, a fraction in which
the number of equal parts into which the integer is
supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters,
called the denominator, written below a line, over which
is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts
included in the fraction; as 1/2, one half, 2/5, two
fifths.
Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed
number in the numerator or denominator, or in both.
--Davies & Peck.
Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more
fractions connected by of.
Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction,
etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc.
Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is
greater than the denominator.
Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less
than the denominator.
[1913 Webster] |
fraction
(gcide) | Angle \An"gle\ ([a^][ng]"g'l), n. [F. angle, L. angulus angle,
corner; akin to uncus hook, Gr. 'agky`los bent, crooked,
angular, 'a`gkos a bend or hollow, AS. angel hook, fish-hook,
G. angel, and F. anchor.]
1. The inclosed space near the point where two lines meet; a
corner; a nook.
[1913 Webster]
Into the utmost angle of the world. --Spenser.
[1913 Webster]
To search the tenderest angles of the heart.
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Geom.)
(a) The figure made by. two lines which meet.
(b) The difference of direction of two lines. In the lines
meet, the point of meeting is the vertex of the angle.
[1913 Webster]
3. A projecting or sharp corner; an angular fragment.
[1913 Webster]
Though but an angle reached him of the stone.
--Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Astrol.) A name given to four of the twelve astrological
"houses." [Obs.] --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
5. [AS. angel.] A fishhook; tackle for catching fish,
consisting of a line, hook, and bait, with or without a
rod.
[1913 Webster]
Give me mine angle: we 'll to the river there.
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
A fisher next his trembling angle bears. --Pope.
[1913 Webster]
Acute angle, one less than a right angle, or less than
90[deg].
Adjacent or Contiguous angles, such as have one leg
common to both angles.
Alternate angles. See Alternate.
Angle bar.
(a) (Carp.) An upright bar at the angle where two faces of
a polygonal or bay window meet. --Knight.
(b) (Mach.) Same as Angle iron.
Angle bead (Arch.), a bead worked on or fixed to the angle
of any architectural work, esp. for protecting an angle of
a wall.
Angle brace, Angle tie (Carp.), a brace across an
interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypothenuse
and securing the two side pieces together. --Knight.
Angle iron (Mach.), a rolled bar or plate of iron having
one or more angles, used for forming the corners, or
connecting or sustaining the sides of an iron structure to
which it is riveted.
Angle leaf (Arch.), a detail in the form of a leaf, more or
less conventionalized, used to decorate and sometimes to
strengthen an angle.
Angle meter, an instrument for measuring angles, esp. for
ascertaining the dip of strata.
Angle shaft (Arch.), an enriched angle bead, often having a
capital or base, or both.
Curvilineal angle, one formed by two curved lines.
External angles, angles formed by the sides of any
right-lined figure, when the sides are produced or
lengthened.
Facial angle. See under Facial.
Internal angles, those which are within any right-lined
figure.
Mixtilineal angle, one formed by a right line with a curved
line.
Oblique angle, one acute or obtuse, in opposition to a
right angle.
Obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, or more than
90[deg].
Optic angle. See under Optic.
Rectilineal or Right-lined angle, one formed by two right
lines.
Right angle, one formed by a right line falling on another
perpendicularly, or an angle of 90[deg] (measured by a
quarter circle).
Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or
more plane angles at one point.
Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of
great circles, which mutually cut one another on the
surface of a globe or sphere.
Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two
straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object
to the center of the eye.
For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence,
reflection, refraction, position, repose, fraction,
see Commutation, Draught, Incidence, Reflection,
Refraction, etc.
[1913 Webster] |
fraction
(wn) | fraction
n 1: a component of a mixture that has been separated by a
fractional process
2: a small part or item forming a piece of a whole
3: the quotient of two rational numbers
v 1: perform a division; "Can you divide 49 by seven?" [syn:
divide, fraction] [ant: multiply] |
FRACTION
(bouvier) | FRACTION. A part of any thing broken. A combination of numbers, in
arithmetic and algebra, representing one or more parts of a unit or integer.
Thus, four-fifths is a fraction, formed by dividing a unit into-five equal
parts, and taking one part four times. In law, the term fraction is usually
applied to the division of a day.
2. In general, there are no fractions in days. Co. Litt. 225 2 Salk.
625; 2 P. A. Browne, 18; II Mass. 204. But in some cases a fraction will be
taken into the account, in order to secure a party his rights; 3 Chit. Pr.
111; 8 Ves. 80 4 Campb. R. 197; 2 B. & Ald. 586; Savig. Dr. Rom. Sec. 182;
Rob. Dig. of Engl. Statutes in force in Pennsylvania, 431-2 and when it is
required by a special law. Vide article Date.
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
fractionally
(mass) | fractionally
- čiastočne |
fractionate
(mass) | fractionate
- rozdeliť |
common fraction
(encz) | common fraction,obecný zlomek Zdeněk Brož |
complex fraction
(encz) | complex fraction,složený zlomek Zdeněk Brož |
compound fraction
(encz) | compound fraction, n: |
continued fraction
(encz) | continued fraction, n: |
decimal fraction
(encz) | decimal fraction,desetinný zlomek Zdeněk Brož |
diffraction
(encz) | diffraction,difrakce n: Zdeněk Broždiffraction,ohyb n: Zdeněk Brož |
diffraction grating
(encz) | diffraction grating, n: |
double refraction
(encz) | double refraction, n: |
fraction composition
(encz) | fraction composition,frakční složení (systému) [eko.] RNDr. Pavel
Piskač |
fractional
(encz) | fractional,frakční adj: Zdeněk Brožfractional,nepatrný adj: Zdeněk Brožfractional,zlomkový adj: Zdeněk Brož |
fractional currency
(encz) | fractional currency, n: |
fractional distillation
(encz) | fractional distillation,frakční destilace n: též "rektifikace" Janus |
fractional monetary unit
(encz) | fractional monetary unit, n: |
fractional process
(encz) | fractional process, n: |
fractional-reserve banking
(encz) | fractional-reserve banking,bankovní systém s částečnými
rezervami [fin.] Václav Radoměřský |
fractionally
(encz) | fractionally,částečně adv: Zdeněk Brožfractionally,nepatrně adv: Zdeněk Brož |
fractionate
(encz) | fractionate,destilovat v: Zdeněk Brožfractionate,rozdělit v: Zdeněk Brož |
fractionated
(encz) | fractionated,rozdělený Jaroslav Šedivý |
fractionation
(encz) | fractionation,frakcionace n: Zdeněk Brož |
fractions
(encz) | fractions,zlomky n: pl. [mat.] mamm |
improper fraction
(encz) | improper fraction,nepravý zlomek Zdeněk Brož |
index of refraction
(encz) | index of refraction,index lomu [fyz.] |
infraction
(encz) | infraction,porušení n: Zdeněk Brož |
not by a fraction
(encz) | not by a fraction,ani za mák [fráz.] MiCh |
proper fraction
(encz) | proper fraction,pravý zlomek Zdeněk Brož |
refraction
(encz) | refraction,lámání světla n: Zdeněk Brožrefraction,refrakce n: Zdeněk Brož |
simple fraction
(encz) | simple fraction, n: |
vulgar fraction
(encz) | vulgar fraction,jednoduchý zlomek n: Zdeněk Brož |
x-ray diffraction
(encz) | x-ray diffraction,rentgenová difrakce n: [fyz.] mamm |
x-ray diffraction pattern
(encz) | x-ray diffraction pattern,rentgenogram n: [tech.] logbun |
x-ray refraction
(encz) | x-ray refraction,rentgenová refrakce n: [fyz.] mamm |
Angle of refraction
(gcide) | Refraction \Re*frac"tion\ (r?*fr?k"sh?n), n. [F. r['e]fraction.]
1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
[1913 Webster]
2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the
like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different
density from that through which it has previously moved.
[1913 Webster]
Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser,
is made towards the perpendicular. --Sir I.
Newton.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Astron.)
(a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and,
consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly
body from which it emanates, arising from its passage
through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished
as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction.
(b) The correction which is to be deducted from the
apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of
atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true
altitude.
[1913 Webster]
Angle of refraction (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray
makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the
two media traversed by the ray.
Conical refraction (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light
into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone.
This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals
of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical
refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction,
in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a
cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence;
and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is
changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal,
from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder.
This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R.
Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by
experiment.
Differential refraction (Astron.), the change of the
apparent place of one object relative to a second object
near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required
to be made to the observed relative places of the two
bodies.
Double refraction (Opt.), the refraction of light in two
directions, which produces two distinct images. The power
of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except
those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said
to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically
negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative,
double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis
of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial
crystal is similarly designated when the same relation
holds for the acute bisectrix.
Index of refraction. See under Index.
Refraction circle (Opt.), an instrument provided with a
graduated circle for the measurement of refraction.
Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, {right
ascension}, etc., the change in the apparent latitude,
longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of
atmospheric refraction.
Terrestrial refraction, the change in the apparent altitude
of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the
top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from
it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying
density.
[1913 Webster] |
astronomical fractions
(gcide) | Sexagesimal \Sex`a*ges"i*mal\, a. [Cf. F. sexag['e]simal.]
Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty.
[1913 Webster]
Sexagesimal fractions or Sexagesimal numbers (Arith. &
Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power
of sixty; as, 1/60, 1/3600, 1/216000; -- called also
astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no
others used in astronomical calculations.
Sexagesimal arithmetic, or Sexagenary arithmetic, the
method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by
sixties.
Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale.
[1913 Webster]Astronomical \As`tro*nom"ic*al\ (-[i^]*kal), a. [L.
astronomicus, Gr. 'astronomiko`s: cf. F. astronomique.]
Of or pertaining to astronomy; in accordance with the methods
or principles of astronomy. -- As`tro*nom"ic*al*ly, adv.
[1913 Webster]
Astronomical clock. See under Clock.
Astronomical day. See under Day.
Astronomical fractions, Astronomical numbers. See under
Sexagesimal.
[1913 Webster] |
Astronomical fractions
(gcide) | Sexagesimal \Sex`a*ges"i*mal\, a. [Cf. F. sexag['e]simal.]
Pertaining to, or founded on, the number sixty.
[1913 Webster]
Sexagesimal fractions or Sexagesimal numbers (Arith. &
Alg.), those fractions whose denominators are some power
of sixty; as, 1/60, 1/3600, 1/216000; -- called also
astronomical fractions, because formerly there were no
others used in astronomical calculations.
Sexagesimal arithmetic, or Sexagenary arithmetic, the
method of computing by the sexagenary scale, or by
sixties.
Sexagesimal scale (Math.), the sexagenary scale.
[1913 Webster]Astronomical \As`tro*nom"ic*al\ (-[i^]*kal), a. [L.
astronomicus, Gr. 'astronomiko`s: cf. F. astronomique.]
Of or pertaining to astronomy; in accordance with the methods
or principles of astronomy. -- As`tro*nom"ic*al*ly, adv.
[1913 Webster]
Astronomical clock. See under Clock.
Astronomical day. See under Day.
Astronomical fractions, Astronomical numbers. See under
Sexagesimal.
[1913 Webster] |
Common fraction
(gcide) | Fraction \Frac"tion\, n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking,
fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.]
1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially
by violence. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to
any fraction or breaking up. --Foxe.
[1913 Webster]
2. A portion; a fragment.
[1913 Webster]
Some niggard fractions of an hour. --Tennyson.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or
whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a
unit or magnitude.
[1913 Webster]
Common fraction, or Vulgar fraction, a fraction in which
the number of equal parts into which the integer is
supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters,
called the denominator, written below a line, over which
is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts
included in the fraction; as 1/2, one half, 2/5, two
fifths.
Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed
number in the numerator or denominator, or in both.
--Davies & Peck.
Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more
fractions connected by of.
Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction,
etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc.
Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is
greater than the denominator.
Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less
than the denominator.
[1913 Webster] |
Complex fraction
(gcide) | Fraction \Frac"tion\, n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking,
fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.]
1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially
by violence. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to
any fraction or breaking up. --Foxe.
[1913 Webster]
2. A portion; a fragment.
[1913 Webster]
Some niggard fractions of an hour. --Tennyson.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or
whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a
unit or magnitude.
[1913 Webster]
Common fraction, or Vulgar fraction, a fraction in which
the number of equal parts into which the integer is
supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters,
called the denominator, written below a line, over which
is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts
included in the fraction; as 1/2, one half, 2/5, two
fifths.
Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed
number in the numerator or denominator, or in both.
--Davies & Peck.
Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more
fractions connected by of.
Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction,
etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc.
Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is
greater than the denominator.
Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less
than the denominator.
[1913 Webster]Complex \Com"plex\ (k[o^]m"pl[e^]ks), a. [L. complexus, p. p. of
complecti to entwine around, comprise; com- + plectere to
twist, akin to plicare to fold. See Plait, n.]
1. Composed of two or more parts; composite; not simple; as,
a complex being; a complex idea.
[1913 Webster]
Ideas thus made up of several simple ones put
together, I call complex; such as beauty, gratitude,
a man, an army, the universe. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
2. Involving many parts; complicated; intricate.
[1913 Webster]
When the actual motions of the heavens are
calculated in the best possible way, the process is
difficult and complex. --Whewell.
[1913 Webster]
Complex fraction. See Fraction.
Complex number (Math.), in the theory of numbers, an
expression of the form a + b[root]-1, when a and b are
ordinary integers.
Syn: See Intricate.
[1913 Webster] |
Compound fraction
(gcide) | Fraction \Frac"tion\, n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking,
fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.]
1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially
by violence. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to
any fraction or breaking up. --Foxe.
[1913 Webster]
2. A portion; a fragment.
[1913 Webster]
Some niggard fractions of an hour. --Tennyson.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or
whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a
unit or magnitude.
[1913 Webster]
Common fraction, or Vulgar fraction, a fraction in which
the number of equal parts into which the integer is
supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters,
called the denominator, written below a line, over which
is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts
included in the fraction; as 1/2, one half, 2/5, two
fifths.
Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed
number in the numerator or denominator, or in both.
--Davies & Peck.
Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more
fractions connected by of.
Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction,
etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc.
Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is
greater than the denominator.
Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less
than the denominator.
[1913 Webster]Compound \Com"pound\, a. [OE. compouned, p. p. of compounen. See
Compound, v. t.]
Composed of two or more elements, ingredients, parts;
produced by the union of several ingredients, parts, or
things; composite; as, a compound word.
[1913 Webster]
Compound substances are made up of two or more simple
substances. --I. Watts.
[1913 Webster]
Compound addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division (Arith.), the addition, subtraction, etc., of
compound numbers.
Compound crystal (Crystallog.), a twin crystal, or one
seeming to be made up of two or more crystals combined
according to regular laws of composition.
Compound engine (Mech.), a form of steam engine in which
the steam that has been used in a high-pressure cylinder
is made to do further service in a larger low-pressure
cylinder, sometimes in several larger cylinders,
successively.
Compound ether. (Chem.) See under Ether.
Compound flower (Bot.), a flower head resembling a single
flower, but really composed of several florets inclosed in
a common calyxlike involucre, as the sunflower or
dandelion.
Compound fraction. (Math.) See Fraction.
Compound fracture. See Fracture.
Compound householder, a householder who compounds or
arranges with his landlord that his rates shall be
included in his rents. [Eng.]
Compound interest. See Interest.
Compound larceny. (Law) See Larceny.
Compound leaf (Bot.), a leaf having two or more separate
blades or leaflets on a common leafstalk.
Compound microscope. See Microscope.
Compound motion. See Motion.
Compound number (Math.), one constructed according to a
varying scale of denomination; as, 3 cwt., 1 qr., 5 lb.;
-- called also denominate number.
Compound pier (Arch.), a clustered column.
Compound quantity (Alg.), a quantity composed of two or
more simple quantities or terms, connected by the sign +
(plus) or - (minus). Thus, a + b - c, and bb - b, are
compound quantities.
Compound radical. (Chem.) See Radical.
Compound ratio (Math.), the product of two or more ratios;
thus ab:cd is a ratio compounded of the simple ratios a:c
and b:d.
Compound rest (Mech.), the tool carriage of an engine
lathe.
Compound screw (Mech.), a screw having on the same axis two
or more screws with different pitch (a differential
screw), or running in different directions (a right and
left screw).
Compound time (Mus.), that in which two or more simple
measures are combined in one; as, 6-8 time is the joining
of two measures of 3-8 time.
Compound word, a word composed of two or more words;
specifically, two or more words joined together by a
hyphen.
[1913 Webster] |
Conical refraction
(gcide) | Refraction \Re*frac"tion\ (r?*fr?k"sh?n), n. [F. r['e]fraction.]
1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
[1913 Webster]
2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the
like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different
density from that through which it has previously moved.
[1913 Webster]
Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser,
is made towards the perpendicular. --Sir I.
Newton.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Astron.)
(a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and,
consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly
body from which it emanates, arising from its passage
through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished
as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction.
(b) The correction which is to be deducted from the
apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of
atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true
altitude.
[1913 Webster]
Angle of refraction (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray
makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the
two media traversed by the ray.
Conical refraction (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light
into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone.
This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals
of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical
refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction,
in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a
cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence;
and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is
changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal,
from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder.
This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R.
Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by
experiment.
Differential refraction (Astron.), the change of the
apparent place of one object relative to a second object
near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required
to be made to the observed relative places of the two
bodies.
Double refraction (Opt.), the refraction of light in two
directions, which produces two distinct images. The power
of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except
those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said
to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically
negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative,
double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis
of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial
crystal is similarly designated when the same relation
holds for the acute bisectrix.
Index of refraction. See under Index.
Refraction circle (Opt.), an instrument provided with a
graduated circle for the measurement of refraction.
Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, {right
ascension}, etc., the change in the apparent latitude,
longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of
atmospheric refraction.
Terrestrial refraction, the change in the apparent altitude
of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the
top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from
it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying
density.
[1913 Webster] |
Continued fraction
(gcide) | Fraction \Frac"tion\, n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking,
fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.]
1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially
by violence. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to
any fraction or breaking up. --Foxe.
[1913 Webster]
2. A portion; a fragment.
[1913 Webster]
Some niggard fractions of an hour. --Tennyson.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or
whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a
unit or magnitude.
[1913 Webster]
Common fraction, or Vulgar fraction, a fraction in which
the number of equal parts into which the integer is
supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters,
called the denominator, written below a line, over which
is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts
included in the fraction; as 1/2, one half, 2/5, two
fifths.
Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed
number in the numerator or denominator, or in both.
--Davies & Peck.
Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more
fractions connected by of.
Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction,
etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc.
Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is
greater than the denominator.
Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less
than the denominator.
[1913 Webster]Continued \Con*tin"ued\, p. p. & a.
Having extension of time, space, order of events, exertion of
energy, etc.; extended; protracted; uninterrupted; also,
resumed after interruption; extending through a succession of
issues, session, etc.; as, a continued story. "Continued
woe." --Jenyns. "Continued succession." --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
Continued bass (Mus.), a bass continued through an entire
piece of music, while the other parts of the harmony are
indicated by figures beneath the bass; the same as
thorough bass or figured bass; basso continuo. [It.]
Continued fever (Med.), a fever which presents no
interruption in its course.
Continued fraction (Math.), a fraction whose numerator is
1, and whose denominator is a whole number plus a fraction
whose numerator is 1 and whose denominator is a whole
number, plus a fraction, and so on.
Continued proportion (Math.), a proportion composed of two
or more equal ratios, in which the consequent of each
preceding ratio is the same with the antecedent of the
following one; as, 4 : 8 : 8 : 16 :: 16 : 32.
[1913 Webster] |
Decimal fraction
(gcide) | Fraction \Frac"tion\, n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking,
fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.]
1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially
by violence. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to
any fraction or breaking up. --Foxe.
[1913 Webster]
2. A portion; a fragment.
[1913 Webster]
Some niggard fractions of an hour. --Tennyson.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or
whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a
unit or magnitude.
[1913 Webster]
Common fraction, or Vulgar fraction, a fraction in which
the number of equal parts into which the integer is
supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters,
called the denominator, written below a line, over which
is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts
included in the fraction; as 1/2, one half, 2/5, two
fifths.
Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed
number in the numerator or denominator, or in both.
--Davies & Peck.
Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more
fractions connected by of.
Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction,
etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc.
Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is
greater than the denominator.
Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less
than the denominator.
[1913 Webster]Decimal \Dec"i*mal\, a. [F. d['e]cimal (cf. LL. decimalis), fr.
L. decimus tenth, fr. decem ten. See Ten, and cf. Dime.]
Of or pertaining to decimals; numbered or proceeding by tens;
having a tenfold increase or decrease, each unit being ten
times the unit next smaller; as, decimal notation; a decimal
coinage.
[1913 Webster]
Decimal arithmetic, the common arithmetic, in which
numeration proceeds by tens.
Decimal fraction, a fraction in which the denominator is
some power of 10, as 2/10, [frac25x100], and is usually
not expressed, but is signified by a point placed at the
left hand of the numerator, as .2, .25.
Decimal point, a dot or full stop at the left of a decimal
fraction. The figures at the left of the point represent
units or whole numbers, as 1.05.
[1913 Webster] |
Differential refraction
(gcide) | Refraction \Re*frac"tion\ (r?*fr?k"sh?n), n. [F. r['e]fraction.]
1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
[1913 Webster]
2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the
like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different
density from that through which it has previously moved.
[1913 Webster]
Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser,
is made towards the perpendicular. --Sir I.
Newton.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Astron.)
(a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and,
consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly
body from which it emanates, arising from its passage
through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished
as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction.
(b) The correction which is to be deducted from the
apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of
atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true
altitude.
[1913 Webster]
Angle of refraction (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray
makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the
two media traversed by the ray.
Conical refraction (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light
into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone.
This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals
of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical
refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction,
in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a
cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence;
and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is
changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal,
from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder.
This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R.
Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by
experiment.
Differential refraction (Astron.), the change of the
apparent place of one object relative to a second object
near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required
to be made to the observed relative places of the two
bodies.
Double refraction (Opt.), the refraction of light in two
directions, which produces two distinct images. The power
of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except
those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said
to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically
negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative,
double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis
of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial
crystal is similarly designated when the same relation
holds for the acute bisectrix.
Index of refraction. See under Index.
Refraction circle (Opt.), an instrument provided with a
graduated circle for the measurement of refraction.
Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, {right
ascension}, etc., the change in the apparent latitude,
longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of
atmospheric refraction.
Terrestrial refraction, the change in the apparent altitude
of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the
top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from
it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying
density.
[1913 Webster] |
Diffraction
(gcide) | Diffraction \Dif*frac"tion\, n. [Cf. F. diffraction.] (Opt.)
The deflection and decomposition of light in passing by the
edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits, causing the
appearance of parallel bands or fringes of prismatic colors,
as by the action of a grating of fine lines or bars.
[1913 Webster]
Remarked by Grimaldi (1665), and referred by him to a
property of light which he called diffraction.
--Whewell.
[1913 Webster]
Diffraction grating. (Optics) See under Grating.
Diffraction spectrum. (Optics) See under Spectrum.
[1913 Webster] |
diffraction grating
(gcide) | Grating \Grat"ing\, n. [See 2d Grate.]
1. A partition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bars;
a latticework resembling a window grate; as, the grating
of a prison or convent.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Optics) A system of close equidistant parallel lines or
bars, esp. lines ruled on a polished surface, used for
producing spectra by diffraction; -- called also
diffraction grating.
Note: Gratings have been made with over 40,000 such lines to
the inch, but those with a somewhat smaller number give
the best definition. They are used, e. g., to produce
monochromatic light for use in optical instruments such
as spectrophotometers.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
3. pl. (Naut.) The strong wooden lattice used to cover a
hatch, admitting light and air; also, a movable Lattice
used for the flooring of boats.
[1913 Webster]Diffraction \Dif*frac"tion\, n. [Cf. F. diffraction.] (Opt.)
The deflection and decomposition of light in passing by the
edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits, causing the
appearance of parallel bands or fringes of prismatic colors,
as by the action of a grating of fine lines or bars.
[1913 Webster]
Remarked by Grimaldi (1665), and referred by him to a
property of light which he called diffraction.
--Whewell.
[1913 Webster]
Diffraction grating. (Optics) See under Grating.
Diffraction spectrum. (Optics) See under Spectrum.
[1913 Webster] |
Diffraction grating
(gcide) | Grating \Grat"ing\, n. [See 2d Grate.]
1. A partition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bars;
a latticework resembling a window grate; as, the grating
of a prison or convent.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Optics) A system of close equidistant parallel lines or
bars, esp. lines ruled on a polished surface, used for
producing spectra by diffraction; -- called also
diffraction grating.
Note: Gratings have been made with over 40,000 such lines to
the inch, but those with a somewhat smaller number give
the best definition. They are used, e. g., to produce
monochromatic light for use in optical instruments such
as spectrophotometers.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
3. pl. (Naut.) The strong wooden lattice used to cover a
hatch, admitting light and air; also, a movable Lattice
used for the flooring of boats.
[1913 Webster]Diffraction \Dif*frac"tion\, n. [Cf. F. diffraction.] (Opt.)
The deflection and decomposition of light in passing by the
edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits, causing the
appearance of parallel bands or fringes of prismatic colors,
as by the action of a grating of fine lines or bars.
[1913 Webster]
Remarked by Grimaldi (1665), and referred by him to a
property of light which he called diffraction.
--Whewell.
[1913 Webster]
Diffraction grating. (Optics) See under Grating.
Diffraction spectrum. (Optics) See under Spectrum.
[1913 Webster] |
Diffraction spectrum
(gcide) | Spectrum \Spec"trum\, n.; pl. Spectra. [L. See Specter.]
1. An apparition; a specter. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
2. (Opt.)
(a) The several colored and other rays of which light is
composed, separated by the refraction of a prism or
other means, and observed or studied either as spread
out on a screen, by direct vision, by photography, or
otherwise. See Illust. of Light, and Spectroscope.
(b) A luminous appearance, or an image seen after the eye
has been exposed to an intense light or a strongly
illuminated object. When the object is colored, the
image appears of the complementary color, as a green
image seen after viewing a red wafer lying on white
paper. Called also ocular spectrum.
[1913 Webster]
Absorption spectrum, the spectrum of light which has passed
through a medium capable of absorbing a portion of the
rays. It is characterized by dark spaces, bands, or lines.
Chemical spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely
with reference to their chemical effects, as in
photography. These, in the usual photogrophic methods,
have their maximum influence at and beyond the violet
rays, but are not limited to this region.
Chromatic spectrum, the visible colored rays of the solar
spectrum, exhibiting the seven principal colors in their
order, and covering the central and larger portion of the
space of the whole spectrum.
Continous spectrum, a spectrum not broken by bands or
lines, but having the colors shaded into each other
continously, as that from an incandescent solid or liquid,
or a gas under high pressure.
Diffraction spectrum, a spectrum produced by diffraction,
as by a grating.
Gaseous spectrum, the spectrum of an incandesoent gas or
vapor, under moderate, or especially under very low,
pressure. It is characterized by bright bands or lines.
Normal spectrum, a representation of a spectrum arranged
upon conventional plan adopted as standard, especially a
spectrum in which the colors are spaced proportionally to
their wave lengths, as when formed by a diffraction
grating.
Ocular spectrum. See Spectrum, 2
(b), above.
Prismatic spectrum, a spectrum produced by means of a
prism.
Solar spectrum, the spectrum of solar light, especially as
thrown upon a screen in a darkened room. It is
characterized by numerous dark lines called Fraunhofer
lines.
Spectrum analysis, chemical analysis effected by comparison
of the different relative positions and qualities of the
fixed lines of spectra produced by flames in which
different substances are burned or evaporated, each
substance having its own characteristic system of lines.
Thermal spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely with
reference to their heating effect, especially of those
rays which produce no luminous phenomena.
[1913 Webster]Diffraction \Dif*frac"tion\, n. [Cf. F. diffraction.] (Opt.)
The deflection and decomposition of light in passing by the
edges of opaque bodies or through narrow slits, causing the
appearance of parallel bands or fringes of prismatic colors,
as by the action of a grating of fine lines or bars.
[1913 Webster]
Remarked by Grimaldi (1665), and referred by him to a
property of light which he called diffraction.
--Whewell.
[1913 Webster]
Diffraction grating. (Optics) See under Grating.
Diffraction spectrum. (Optics) See under Spectrum.
[1913 Webster] |
Double refraction
(gcide) | Refraction \Re*frac"tion\ (r?*fr?k"sh?n), n. [F. r['e]fraction.]
1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
[1913 Webster]
2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the
like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different
density from that through which it has previously moved.
[1913 Webster]
Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser,
is made towards the perpendicular. --Sir I.
Newton.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Astron.)
(a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and,
consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly
body from which it emanates, arising from its passage
through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished
as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction.
(b) The correction which is to be deducted from the
apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of
atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true
altitude.
[1913 Webster]
Angle of refraction (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray
makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the
two media traversed by the ray.
Conical refraction (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light
into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone.
This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals
of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical
refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction,
in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a
cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence;
and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is
changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal,
from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder.
This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R.
Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by
experiment.
Differential refraction (Astron.), the change of the
apparent place of one object relative to a second object
near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required
to be made to the observed relative places of the two
bodies.
Double refraction (Opt.), the refraction of light in two
directions, which produces two distinct images. The power
of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except
those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said
to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically
negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative,
double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis
of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial
crystal is similarly designated when the same relation
holds for the acute bisectrix.
Index of refraction. See under Index.
Refraction circle (Opt.), an instrument provided with a
graduated circle for the measurement of refraction.
Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, {right
ascension}, etc., the change in the apparent latitude,
longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of
atmospheric refraction.
Terrestrial refraction, the change in the apparent altitude
of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the
top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from
it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying
density.
[1913 Webster]Double \Dou"ble\ (d[u^]b"'l), a. [OE. doble, duble, double, OF.
doble, duble, double, F. double, fr. L. duplus, fr. the root
of duo two, and perh. that of plenus full; akin to Gr.
diplo`os double. See Two, and Full, and cf. Diploma,
Duple.]
1. Twofold; multiplied by two; increased by its equivalent;
made twice as large or as much, etc.
[1913 Webster]
Let a double portion of thy spirit be upon me. -- 2
Kings ii. 9.
[1913 Webster]
Darkness and tempest make a double night. --Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
2. Being in pairs; presenting two of a kind, or two in a set
together; coupled.
[1913 Webster]
[Let] The swan, on still St. Mary's lake,
Float double, swan and shadow. --Wordsworth.
[1913 Webster]
3. Divided into two; acting two parts, one openly and the
other secretly; equivocal; deceitful; insincere.
[1913 Webster]
With a double heart do they speak. -- Ps. xii. 2.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Bot.) Having the petals in a flower considerably
increased beyond the natural number, usually as the result
of cultivation and the expense of the stamens, or stamens
and pistils. The white water lily and some other plants
have their blossoms naturally double.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Double is often used as the first part of a compound
word, generally denoting two ways, or twice the number,
quantity, force, etc., twofold, or having two.
[1913 Webster]
Double base, or Double bass (Mus.), the largest and
lowest-toned instrument in the violin form; the
contrabasso or violone.
Double convex. See under Convex.
Double counterpoint (Mus.), that species of counterpoint or
composition, in which two of the parts may be inverted, by
setting one of them an octave higher or lower.
Double court (Lawn Tennis), a court laid out for four
players, two on each side.
Double dagger (Print.), a reference mark ([dag]) next to
the dagger ([dagger]) in order; a diesis.
Double drum (Mus.), a large drum that is beaten at both
ends.
Double eagle, a gold coin of the United States having the
value of 20 dollars.
Double entry. See under Bookkeeping.
Double floor (Arch.), a floor in which binding joists
support flooring joists above and ceiling joists below.
See Illust. of Double-framed floor.
Double flower. See Double, a., 4.
Double-framed floor (Arch.), a double floor having girders
into which the binding joists are framed.
Double fugue (Mus.), a fugue on two subjects.
Double letter.
(a) (Print.) Two letters on one shank; a ligature.
(b) A mail requiring double postage.
Double note (Mus.), a note of double the length of the
semibreve; a breve. See Breve.
Double octave (Mus.), an interval composed of two octaves,
or fifteen notes, in diatonic progression; a fifteenth.
Double pica. See under Pica.
Double play (Baseball), a play by which two players are put
out at the same time.
Double plea (Law), a plea alleging several matters in
answer to the declaration, where either of such matters
alone would be a sufficient bar to the action. --Stephen.
Double point (Geom.), a point of a curve at which two
branches cross each other. Conjugate or isolated points of
a curve are called double points, since they possess most
of the properties of double points (see Conjugate). They
are also called acnodes, and those points where the
branches of the curve really cross are called crunodes.
The extremity of a cusp is also a double point.
Double quarrel. (Eccl. Law) See Duplex querela, under
Duplex.
Double refraction. (Opt.) See Refraction.
Double salt. (Chem.)
(a) A mixed salt of any polybasic acid which has been
saturated by different bases or basic radicals, as the
double carbonate of sodium and potassium,
NaKCO3.6H2O.
(b) A molecular combination of two distinct salts, as
common alum, which consists of the sulphate of
aluminium, and the sulphate of potassium or ammonium.
Double shuffle, a low, noisy dance.
Double standard (Polit. Econ.), a double standard of
monetary values; i. e., a gold standard and a silver
standard, both of which are made legal tender.
Double star (Astron.), two stars so near to each other as
to be seen separate only by means of a telescope. Such
stars may be only optically near to each other, or may be
physically connected so that they revolve round their
common center of gravity, and in the latter case are
called also binary stars.
Double time (Mil.). Same as Double-quick.
Double window, a window having two sets of glazed sashes
with an air space between them.
[1913 Webster] |
Double refraction micrometer
(gcide) | Micrometer \Mi*crom"e*ter\, n. [Micro- + -meter: cf. F.
microm[`e]tre.]
An instrument, used with a telescope or microscope, for
measuring minute distances, or the apparent diameters of
objects which subtend minute angles. The measurement given
directly is that of the image of the object formed at the
focus of the object glass.
[1913 Webster]
Circular micrometer, or Ring micrometer, a metallic ring
fixed in the focus of the object glass of a telescope, and
used to determine differences of right ascension and
declination between stars by observations of the times at
which the stars cross the inner or outer periphery of the
ring.
Double image micrometer, a micrometer in which two images
of an object are formed in the field, usually by the two
halves of a bisected lens which are movable along their
line of section by a screw, and distances are determined
by the number of screw revolutions necessary to bring the
points to be measured into optical coincidence. When the
two images are formed by a bisected object glass, it is
called a divided-object-glass micrometer, and when the
instrument is large and equatorially mounted, it is known
as a heliometer.
Double refraction micrometer, a species of double image
micrometer, in which the two images are formed by the
double refraction of rock crystal.
Filar micrometer, or Bifilar micrometer. See under
Bifilar.
Micrometer caliper or Micrometer gauge (Mech.), a caliper
or gauge with a micrometer screw, for measuring dimensions
with great accuracy.
Micrometer head, the head of a micrometer screw.
Micrometer microscope, a compound microscope combined with
a filar micrometer, used chiefly for reading and
subdividing the divisions of large astronomical and
geodetical instruments.
Micrometer screw, a screw with a graduated head used in
some forms of micrometers; turning the head one full
revolution advances the position of the tip of the screw
only by a little.
Position micrometer. See under Position.
Scale micrometer, or Linear micrometer, a minute and very
delicately graduated scale of equal parts used in the
field of a telescope or microscope, for measuring
distances by direct comparison.
[1913 Webster] Micrometric |
Fraction
(gcide) | Fraction \Frac"tion\, v. t. (Chem.)
To separate by means of, or to subject to, fractional
distillation or crystallization; to fractionate; --
frequently used with out; as, to fraction out a certain grade
of oil from pretroleum.
[1913 Webster]Fraction \Frac"tion\, n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking,
fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.]
1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially
by violence. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to
any fraction or breaking up. --Foxe.
[1913 Webster]
2. A portion; a fragment.
[1913 Webster]
Some niggard fractions of an hour. --Tennyson.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or
whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a
unit or magnitude.
[1913 Webster]
Common fraction, or Vulgar fraction, a fraction in which
the number of equal parts into which the integer is
supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters,
called the denominator, written below a line, over which
is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts
included in the fraction; as 1/2, one half, 2/5, two
fifths.
Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed
number in the numerator or denominator, or in both.
--Davies & Peck.
Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more
fractions connected by of.
Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction,
etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc.
Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is
greater than the denominator.
Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less
than the denominator.
[1913 Webster]Angle \An"gle\ ([a^][ng]"g'l), n. [F. angle, L. angulus angle,
corner; akin to uncus hook, Gr. 'agky`los bent, crooked,
angular, 'a`gkos a bend or hollow, AS. angel hook, fish-hook,
G. angel, and F. anchor.]
1. The inclosed space near the point where two lines meet; a
corner; a nook.
[1913 Webster]
Into the utmost angle of the world. --Spenser.
[1913 Webster]
To search the tenderest angles of the heart.
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Geom.)
(a) The figure made by. two lines which meet.
(b) The difference of direction of two lines. In the lines
meet, the point of meeting is the vertex of the angle.
[1913 Webster]
3. A projecting or sharp corner; an angular fragment.
[1913 Webster]
Though but an angle reached him of the stone.
--Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Astrol.) A name given to four of the twelve astrological
"houses." [Obs.] --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
5. [AS. angel.] A fishhook; tackle for catching fish,
consisting of a line, hook, and bait, with or without a
rod.
[1913 Webster]
Give me mine angle: we 'll to the river there.
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
A fisher next his trembling angle bears. --Pope.
[1913 Webster]
Acute angle, one less than a right angle, or less than
90[deg].
Adjacent or Contiguous angles, such as have one leg
common to both angles.
Alternate angles. See Alternate.
Angle bar.
(a) (Carp.) An upright bar at the angle where two faces of
a polygonal or bay window meet. --Knight.
(b) (Mach.) Same as Angle iron.
Angle bead (Arch.), a bead worked on or fixed to the angle
of any architectural work, esp. for protecting an angle of
a wall.
Angle brace, Angle tie (Carp.), a brace across an
interior angle of a wooden frame, forming the hypothenuse
and securing the two side pieces together. --Knight.
Angle iron (Mach.), a rolled bar or plate of iron having
one or more angles, used for forming the corners, or
connecting or sustaining the sides of an iron structure to
which it is riveted.
Angle leaf (Arch.), a detail in the form of a leaf, more or
less conventionalized, used to decorate and sometimes to
strengthen an angle.
Angle meter, an instrument for measuring angles, esp. for
ascertaining the dip of strata.
Angle shaft (Arch.), an enriched angle bead, often having a
capital or base, or both.
Curvilineal angle, one formed by two curved lines.
External angles, angles formed by the sides of any
right-lined figure, when the sides are produced or
lengthened.
Facial angle. See under Facial.
Internal angles, those which are within any right-lined
figure.
Mixtilineal angle, one formed by a right line with a curved
line.
Oblique angle, one acute or obtuse, in opposition to a
right angle.
Obtuse angle, one greater than a right angle, or more than
90[deg].
Optic angle. See under Optic.
Rectilineal or Right-lined angle, one formed by two right
lines.
Right angle, one formed by a right line falling on another
perpendicularly, or an angle of 90[deg] (measured by a
quarter circle).
Solid angle, the figure formed by the meeting of three or
more plane angles at one point.
Spherical angle, one made by the meeting of two arcs of
great circles, which mutually cut one another on the
surface of a globe or sphere.
Visual angle, the angle formed by two rays of light, or two
straight lines drawn from the extreme points of an object
to the center of the eye.
For Angles of commutation, draught, incidence,
reflection, refraction, position, repose, fraction,
see Commutation, Draught, Incidence, Reflection,
Refraction, etc.
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Fractional
(gcide) | Fractional \Frac"tion*al\, a.
1. Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting
a fraction; as, fractional numbers.
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2. Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as, a
fractional part of the population.
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Fractional crystallization (Chem.), a process of gradual
and approximate purification and separation, by means of
repeated solution and crystallization therefrom.
Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in
circulation, of less value than the monetary unit.
Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation
so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing
considerably from each other in their boiling points, can
be separated into its constituents.
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Fractional crystallization
(gcide) | Fractional \Frac"tion*al\, a.
1. Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting
a fraction; as, fractional numbers.
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2. Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as, a
fractional part of the population.
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Fractional crystallization (Chem.), a process of gradual
and approximate purification and separation, by means of
repeated solution and crystallization therefrom.
Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in
circulation, of less value than the monetary unit.
Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation
so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing
considerably from each other in their boiling points, can
be separated into its constituents.
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Fractional currency
(gcide) | Fractional \Frac"tion*al\, a.
1. Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting
a fraction; as, fractional numbers.
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2. Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as, a
fractional part of the population.
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Fractional crystallization (Chem.), a process of gradual
and approximate purification and separation, by means of
repeated solution and crystallization therefrom.
Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in
circulation, of less value than the monetary unit.
Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation
so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing
considerably from each other in their boiling points, can
be separated into its constituents.
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Fractional distillation
(gcide) | Fractional \Frac"tion*al\, a.
1. Of or pertaining to fractions or a fraction; constituting
a fraction; as, fractional numbers.
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2. Relatively small; inconsiderable; insignificant; as, a
fractional part of the population.
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Fractional crystallization (Chem.), a process of gradual
and approximate purification and separation, by means of
repeated solution and crystallization therefrom.
Fractional currency, small coin, or paper notes, in
circulation, of less value than the monetary unit.
Fractional distillation (Chem.), a process of distillation
so conducted that a mixture of liquids, differing
considerably from each other in their boiling points, can
be separated into its constituents.
[1913 Webster]Distillation \Dis`til*la"tion\ (d[i^]s`t[i^]l*l[=a]"sh[u^]n), n.
[F. distillation, L. destillatio.]
1. The act of falling in drops, or the act of pouring out in
drops.
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2. That which falls in drops. [R.] --Johnson
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3. (Chem.) The separation of the volatile parts of a
substance from the more fixed; specifically, the operation
of driving off gas or vapor from volatile liquids or
solids, by heat in a retort or still, and the condensation
of the products as far as possible by a cool receiver,
alembic, or condenser; rectification; vaporization;
condensation; as, the distillation of illuminating gas and
coal, of alcohol from sour mash, or of boric acid in
steam.
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Note: The evaporation of water, its condensation into clouds,
and its precipitation as rain, dew, frost, snow, or
hail, is an illustration of natural distillation.
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4. The substance extracted by distilling. --Shak.
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Destructive distillation (Chem.), the distillation,
especially of complex solid substances, so that the
ultimate constituents are separated or evolved in new
compounds, -- usually requiring a high degree of heat; as,
the destructive distillation of soft coal or of wood.
Dry distillation, the distillation of substances by
themselves, or without the addition of water or of other
volatile solvent; as, the dry distillation of citric acid.
Fractional distillation. (Chem.) See under Fractional.
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Fractional unit
(gcide) | Unit \U"nit\, n. [Abbrev. from unity.]
1. A single thing or person.
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2. (Arith.) The least whole number; one.
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Units are the integral parts of any large number.
--I. Watts.
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3. A gold coin of the reign of James I., of the value of
twenty shillings. --Camden.
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4. Any determinate amount or quantity (as of length, time,
heat, value) adopted as a standard of measurement for
other amounts or quantities of the same kind.
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5. (Math.) A single thing, as a magnitude or number, regarded
as an undivided whole.
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Abstract unit, the unit of numeration; one taken in the
abstract; the number represented by 1. The term is used in
distinction from concrete, or determinate, unit, that is,
a unit in which the kind of thing is expressed; a unit of
measure or value; as 1 foot, 1 dollar, 1 pound, and the
like.
Complex unit (Theory of Numbers), an imaginary number of
the form a + broot-1, when a^2 + b^2 = 1.
Duodecimal unit, a unit in the scale of numbers increasing
or decreasing by twelves.
Fractional unit, the unit of a fraction; the reciprocal of
the denominator; thus, 1/4 is the unit of the fraction
3/4.
Integral unit, the unit of integral numbers, or 1.
Physical unit, a value or magnitude conventionally adopted
as a unit or standard in physical measurements. The
various physical units are usually based on given units of
length, mass, and time, and on the density or other
properties of some substance, for example, water. See
Dyne, Erg, Farad, Ohm, Poundal, etc.
Unit deme (Biol.), a unit of the inferior order or orders
of individuality.
Unit jar (Elec.), a small, insulated Leyden jar, placed
between the electrical machine and a larger jar or
battery, so as to announce, by its repeated discharges,
the amount of electricity passed into the larger jar.
Unit of heat (Physics), a determinate quantity of heat
adopted as a unit of measure; a thermal unit (see under
Thermal). Water is the substance generally employed, the
unit being one gram or one pound, and the temperature
interval one degree of the Centigrade or Fahrenheit scale.
When referred to the gram, it is called the gram degree.
The British unit of heat, or thermal unit, used by
engineers in England and in the United States, is the
quantity of heat necessary to raise one pound of pure
water at and near its temperature of greatest density
(39.1[deg] Fahr.) through one degree of the Fahrenheit
scale. --Rankine.
Unit of illumination, the light of a sperm candle burning
120 grains per hour. Standard gas, burning at the rate of
five cubic feet per hour, must have an illuminating power
equal to that of fourteen such candles.
Unit of measure (as of length, surface, volume, dry
measure, liquid measure, money, weight, time, and the
like), in general, a determinate quantity or magnitude of
the kind designated, taken as a standard of comparison for
others of the same kind, in assigning to them numerical
values, as 1 foot, 1 yard, 1 mile, 1 square foot, 1 square
yard, 1 cubic foot, 1 peck, 1 bushel, 1 gallon, 1 cent, 1
ounce, 1 pound, 1 hour, and the like; more specifically,
the fundamental unit adopted in any system of weights,
measures, or money, by which its several denominations are
regulated, and which is itself defined by comparison with
some known magnitude, either natural or empirical, as, in
the United States, the dollar for money, the pound
avoirdupois for weight, the yard for length, the gallon of
8.3389 pounds avoirdupois of water at 39.8[deg] Fahr.
(about 231 cubic inches) for liquid measure, etc.; in
Great Britain, the pound sterling, the pound troy, the
yard, or 1/108719 part of the length of a second's
pendulum at London, the gallon of 277.274 cubic inches,
etc.; in the metric system, the meter, the liter, the
gram, etc.
Unit of power. (Mach.) See Horse power.
Unit of resistance. (Elec.) See Resistance, n., 4, and
Ohm.
Unit of work (Physics), the amount of work done by a unit
force acting through a unit distance, or the amount
required to lift a unit weight through a unit distance
against gravitation. See Erg, Foot Pound,
Kilogrammeter.
Unit stress (Mech. Physics), stress per unit of area;
intensity of stress. It is expressed in ounces, pounds,
tons, etc., per square inch, square foot, or square yard,
etc., or in atmospheres, or inches of mercury or water, or
the like.
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Fractionally
(gcide) | Fractionally \Frac"tion*al*ly\, adv.
By fractions or separate portions; as, to distill a liquid
fractionally, that is, so as to separate different portions.
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Fractionary
(gcide) | Fractionary \Frac"tion*a*ry\, a.
Fractional. [Obs.]
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Fractionate
(gcide) | Fractionate \Frac"tion*ate\, v. t.
To separate (a mixture of chemical substances) into different
portions or fractions, as in the distillation of liquids.
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fractionation
(gcide) | fractionation \frac`tion*a"tion\ n.
the act or process of separating a mixture into portions of
different composition, as in distillation or {fractional
crystallization}.
Syn: fractional process.
[WordNet 1.5 +PJC]
2. (Petroleum industry) Separation of crude oil into
components of differing composition by {fractional
distillation}.
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Improper fraction
(gcide) | Fraction \Frac"tion\, n. [F. fraction, L. fractio a breaking,
fr. frangere, fractum, to break. See Break.]
1. The act of breaking, or state of being broken, especially
by violence. [Obs.]
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Neither can the natural body of Christ be subject to
any fraction or breaking up. --Foxe.
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2. A portion; a fragment.
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Some niggard fractions of an hour. --Tennyson.
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3. (Arith. or Alg.) One or more aliquot parts of a unit or
whole number; an expression for a definite portion of a
unit or magnitude.
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Common fraction, or Vulgar fraction, a fraction in which
the number of equal parts into which the integer is
supposed to be divided is indicated by figures or letters,
called the denominator, written below a line, over which
is the numerator, indicating the number of these parts
included in the fraction; as 1/2, one half, 2/5, two
fifths.
Complex fraction, a fraction having a fraction or mixed
number in the numerator or denominator, or in both.
--Davies & Peck.
Compound fraction, a fraction of a fraction; two or more
fractions connected by of.
Continued fraction, Decimal fraction, Partial fraction,
etc. See under Continued, Decimal, Partial, etc.
Improper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is
greater than the denominator.
Proper fraction, a fraction in which the numerator is less
than the denominator.
[1913 Webster]Improper \Im*prop"er\, a. [F. impropre, L. improprius; pref. im-
not + proprius proper. See Proper.]
1. Not proper; not suitable; not fitted to the circumstances,
design, or end; unfit; not becoming; incongruous;
inappropriate; indecent; as, an improper medicine;
improper thought, behavior, language, dress.
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Follow'd his enemy king, and did him service,
Improper for a slave. --Shak.
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And to their proper operation still,
Ascribe all Good; to their improper, Ill. --Pope.
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2. Not peculiar or appropriate to individuals; general;
common. [Obs.]
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Not to be adorned with any art but such improper
ones as nature is said to bestow, as singing and
poetry. --J. Fletcher.
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3. Not according to facts; inaccurate; erroneous.
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Improper diphthong. See under Diphthong.
Improper feud, an original feud, not earned by military
service. --Mozley & W.
Improper fraction. See under Fraction.
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Index of refraction
(gcide) | Index \In"dex\, n.; pl. E. Indexes, L. Indices(?). [L.: cf.
F. index. See Indicate, Diction.]
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1. That which points out; that which shows, indicates,
manifests, or discloses; as, the increasing unemployment
rate is an index of how much the economy has slowed.
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Tastes are the indexes of the different qualities of
plants. --Arbuthnot.
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2. That which guides, points out, informs, or directs; a
pointer or a hand that directs to anything, as the hand of
a watch, a movable finger or other form of pointer on a
gauge, scale, or other graduated instrument. In
(printing), a sign [[hand]] (called also fist) used to
direct particular attention to a note or paragraph.
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3. A table for facilitating reference to topics, names, and
the like, in a book, usually giving the page on which a
particular word or topic may be found; -- usually
alphabetical in arrangement, and printed at the end of the
volume. Typically found only in non-fiction books.
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4. A prologue indicating what follows. [Obs.] --Shak.
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5. (Anat.) The second finger, that next to the pollex
(thumb), in the manus, or hand; the forefinger; {index
finger}.
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6. (Math.) The figure or letter which shows the power or root
of a quantity; the exponent. [In this sense the plural is
always indices.]
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7. The ratio, or formula expressing the ratio, of one
dimension of a thing to another dimension; as, the
vertical index of the cranium.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
8. A number providing a measure of some quantity derived by a
formula, usually a form of averaging, from multiple
quantities; -- used mostly in economics; as, the index of
leading indicators; the index of industrial production;
the consumer price index. See, for example, the {consumer
price index}.
[PJC]
9. (computers) A file containing a table with the addresses
of data items, arranged for rapid and convenient search
for the addresses.
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10. (computers) A number which serves as a label for a data
item and also represents the address of a data item
within a table or array.
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11. (R. C. Ch.), The Index prohibitorius, a catalogue of
books which are forbidden by the church to be read; also
called Index of forbidden books and {Index Librorum
Prohibitorum}.
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Index error, the error in the reading of a mathematical
instrument arising from the zero of the index not being in
complete adjustment with that of the limb, or with its
theoretically perfect position in the instrument; a
correction to be applied to the instrument readings equal
to the error of the zero adjustment.
Index expurgatorius. [L.] See Index prohibitorius
(below).
Index finger. See Index, 5.
Index glass, the mirror on the index of a quadrant,
sextant, etc.
Index hand, the pointer or hand of a clock, watch, or other
registering machine; a hand that points to something.
Index of a logarithm (Math.), the integral part of the
logarithm, and always one less than the number of integral
figures in the given number. It is also called the
characteristic.
Index of refraction, or Refractive index (Opt.), the
number which expresses the ratio of the sine of the angle
of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction. Thus
the index of refraction for sulphur is 2, because, when
light passes out of air into sulphur, the sine of the
angle of incidence is double the sine of the angle of
refraction.
Index plate, a graduated circular plate, or one with
circular rows of holes differently spaced; used in
machines for graduating circles, cutting gear teeth, etc.
Index prohibitorius [L.], or Prohibitory index (R. C.
Ch.), a catalogue of books which are forbidden by the
church to be read; the index expurgatorius [L.], or
expurgatory index, is a catalogue of books from which
passages marked as against faith or morals must be removed
before Catholics can read them. These catalogues are
published with additions, from time to time, by the
Congregation of the Index, composed of cardinals,
theologians, etc., under the sanction of the pope. --Hook.
Index rerum [L.], a tabulated and alphabetized notebook,
for systematic preservation of items, quotations, etc.
[1913 Webster]Refraction \Re*frac"tion\ (r?*fr?k"sh?n), n. [F. r['e]fraction.]
1. The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
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2. The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the
like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different
density from that through which it has previously moved.
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Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser,
is made towards the perpendicular. --Sir I.
Newton.
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3. (Astron.)
(a) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and,
consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly
body from which it emanates, arising from its passage
through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished
as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction.
(b) The correction which is to be deducted from the
apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of
atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true
altitude.
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Angle of refraction (Opt.), the angle which a refracted ray
makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the
two media traversed by the ray.
Conical refraction (Opt.), the refraction of a ray of light
into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone.
This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals
of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical
refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction,
in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a
cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence;
and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is
changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal,
from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder.
This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R.
Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by
experiment.
Differential refraction (Astron.), the change of the
apparent place of one object relative to a second object
near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required
to be made to the observed relative places of the two
bodies.
Double refraction (Opt.), the refraction of light in two
directions, which produces two distinct images. The power
of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except
those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said
to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically
negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative,
double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis
of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial
crystal is similarly designated when the same relation
holds for the acute bisectrix.
Index of refraction. See under Index.
Refraction circle (Opt.), an instrument provided with a
graduated circle for the measurement of refraction.
Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, {right
ascension}, etc., the change in the apparent latitude,
longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of
atmospheric refraction.
Terrestrial refraction, the change in the apparent altitude
of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the
top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from
it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying
density.
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