| slovo | definícia |
bacterium
(encz) | bacterium,baktérie n: Zdeněk Brož |
Bacterium
(gcide) | Bacterium \Bac*te"ri*um\ (b[a^]k*t[=e]"r[i^]*[u^]m), n.; pl.
Bacteria (b[a^]k*t[=e]"r[i^]*[.a]). [NL., fr. Gr.
bakth`rion, ba`ktron, a staff: cf. F. bact['e]rie.] (Biol.)
A microscopic single-celled organism having no
distinguishable nucleus, belonging to the kingdom Monera.
Bacteria have varying shapes, usually taking the form of a
jointed rodlike filament, or a small sphere, but also in
certain cases having a branched form. Bacteria are destitute
of chlorophyll, but in those members of the phylum Cyanophyta
(the blue-green algae) other light-absorbing pigments are
present. They are the smallest of microscopic organisms which
have their own metabolic processes carried on within cell
membranes, viruses being smaller but not capable of living
freely. The bacteria are very widely diffused in nature, and
multiply with marvelous rapidity, both by fission and by
spores. Bacteria may require oxygen for their
energy-producing metabolism, and these are called aerobes;
or may multiply in the absence of oxygen, these forms being
anaerobes. Certain species are active agents in
fermentation, while others appear to be the cause of certain
infectious diseases. The branch of science with studies
bacteria is bacteriology, being a division of
microbiology. See Bacillus.
[1913 Webster +PJC] |
bacterium
(wn) | bacterium
n 1: (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or
spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that
reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for
biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often
considered to be plants [syn: bacteria, bacterium] |
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
bacterium
(encz) | bacterium,baktérie n: Zdeněk Brož |
coliform bacterium
(encz) | coliform bacterium,koliformní bakterie [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
corynebacterium
(encz) | corynebacterium, n: |
crystal-forming bacterium
(encz) | crystal-forming bacterium,krystalotvorná bakterie [eko.] RNDr. Pavel
Piskač |
eubacterium
(encz) | eubacterium, n: |
faecal coliform bacterium
(encz) | faecal coliform bacterium,fekální koliformní bakterie [eko.] RNDr.
Pavel Piskač |
gram-negative bacterium
(encz) | Gram-negative bacterium,gramnegativní bakterie [eko.] RNDr. Pavel
Piskač |
gram-positive bacterium
(encz) | Gram-positive bacterium,grampozitivní bakterie [eko.] RNDr. Pavel
Piskač |
halobacterium
(encz) | halobacterium, n: |
methane bacterium
(encz) | methane bacterium,metanová bakterie [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
mycobacterium
(encz) | mycobacterium, n: |
mycolytic bacterium
(encz) | mycolytic bacterium,mykolytická bakterie [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
myxobacterium
(encz) | myxobacterium,myxobakterie [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
nitrate bacterium
(encz) | nitrate bacterium, n: |
nitric bacterium
(encz) | nitric bacterium, n: |
nitrite bacterium
(encz) | nitrite bacterium, n: |
nitrobacterium
(encz) | nitrobacterium, n: |
nitrous bacterium
(encz) | nitrous bacterium, n: |
ratbite fever bacterium
(encz) | ratbite fever bacterium, n: |
thiobacterium
(encz) | thiobacterium,thionová bakterie [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
Bacterium anthracis
(gcide) | Anthrax vaccine \An"thrax vac"cine\ (Veter.)
A fluid vaccine obtained by growing a bacterium ({Bacillus
anthracis}, formerly Bacterium anthracis) in beef broth. It
is used to immunize animals, esp. cattle.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] |
Bacterium lacticum
(gcide) | Lactic \Lac"tic\, a. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactique. See
Lacteal, and cf. Galactic.] (Physiol. Chem.)
Of or pertaining to milk; procured from sour milk or whey;
as, lactic acid; lactic fermentation, etc.
[1913 Webster]
Lactic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a sirupy, colorless fluid,
soluble in water, with an intensely sour taste and strong
acid reaction. There is one center of optical activity,
and this results in the observation of three isomeric
modifications all having the formula C3H6O3; one is
dextrorotatory (L-lactic acid), the other levorotatory
(D-lactic acid), and the third an optically inactive
mixture of the first two (DL-lactic acid); chemically it
is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid. Sarcolactic acid or
paralactic acid occurs chiefly in dead muscle tissue,
while ordinary lactic acid (DL-lactic acid) results from
fermentation, such as the fermentation of milk by lactic
acid bacteria. The two acids are alike in having the same
constitution (expressed by the name {ethylidene lactic
acid}), but the latter is optically inactive, while
sarcolactic acid rotates the plane of polarization to the
right. The third acid, ethylene lactic acid, accompanies
sarcolactic acid in the juice of flesh, and is optically
inactive.
Lactic ferment, an organized ferment (Bacterium lacticum
or Bacterium lactis), which produces lactic
fermentation, decomposing the sugar of milk into carbonic
and lactic acids, the latter, of which renders the milk
sour, and precipitates the casein, thus giving rise to the
so-called spontaneous coagulation of milk.
Lactic fermentation. See under Fermentation.
[1913 Webster +PJC] |
Bacterium lactis
(gcide) | Lactic \Lac"tic\, a. [L. lac, lactis, milk: cf. F. lactique. See
Lacteal, and cf. Galactic.] (Physiol. Chem.)
Of or pertaining to milk; procured from sour milk or whey;
as, lactic acid; lactic fermentation, etc.
[1913 Webster]
Lactic acid (Physiol. Chem.), a sirupy, colorless fluid,
soluble in water, with an intensely sour taste and strong
acid reaction. There is one center of optical activity,
and this results in the observation of three isomeric
modifications all having the formula C3H6O3; one is
dextrorotatory (L-lactic acid), the other levorotatory
(D-lactic acid), and the third an optically inactive
mixture of the first two (DL-lactic acid); chemically it
is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid. Sarcolactic acid or
paralactic acid occurs chiefly in dead muscle tissue,
while ordinary lactic acid (DL-lactic acid) results from
fermentation, such as the fermentation of milk by lactic
acid bacteria. The two acids are alike in having the same
constitution (expressed by the name {ethylidene lactic
acid}), but the latter is optically inactive, while
sarcolactic acid rotates the plane of polarization to the
right. The third acid, ethylene lactic acid, accompanies
sarcolactic acid in the juice of flesh, and is optically
inactive.
Lactic ferment, an organized ferment (Bacterium lacticum
or Bacterium lactis), which produces lactic
fermentation, decomposing the sugar of milk into carbonic
and lactic acids, the latter, of which renders the milk
sour, and precipitates the casein, thus giving rise to the
so-called spontaneous coagulation of milk.
Lactic fermentation. See under Fermentation.
[1913 Webster +PJC]Zymogenic \Zym`o*gen"ic\, a. (Biol.)
(a) Pertaining to, or formed by, a zymogene.
(b) Capable of producing a definite zymogen or ferment.
[1913 Webster]
Zymogenic organism (Biol.), a microorganism, such as the
yeast plant of the Bacterium lactis, which sets up
certain fermentative processes by which definite chemical
products are formed; -- distinguished from a {pathogenic
organism}. Cf. Micrococcus.
[1913 Webster] ZymologicFermentation \Fer`men*ta"tion\ (f[~e]r`m[e^]n*t[=a]"sh[u^]n), n.
[Cf. F. fermentation.]
1. The process of undergoing an effervescent change, as by
the action of yeast; in a wider sense (Physiol. Chem.),
the transformation of an organic substance into new
compounds by the action of a ferment[1], whether in the
form of living organisms or enzymes. It differs in kind
according to the nature of the ferment which causes it.
Note: In industrial microbiology fermentation usually refers
to the production of chemical substances by use of
microorganisms.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
2. A state of agitation or excitement, as of the intellect or
the feelings.
[1913 Webster]
It puts the soul to fermentation and activity.
--Jer. Taylor.
[1913 Webster]
A univesal fermentation of human thought and faith.
--C. Kingsley.
[1913 Webster]
Acetous fermentation or Acetic fermentation, a form of
oxidation in which alcohol is converted into vinegar or
acetic acid by the agency of a specific fungus ({Mycoderma
aceti}) or series of enzymes. The process involves two
distinct reactions, in which the oxygen of the air is
essential. An intermediate product, acetaldehyde, is
formed in the first process. 1. C2H6O + O [rarr] H2O +
C2H4O
Note: Alcohol. Water. Acetaldehyde. 2. C2H4O + O [rarr]
C2H4O2
Note: Acetaldehyde. Acetic acid.
Alcoholic fermentation, the fermentation which saccharine
bodies undergo when brought in contact with the yeast
plant or Torula. The sugar is converted, either directly
or indirectly, into alcohol and carbonic acid, the rate of
action being dependent on the rapidity with which the
Torul[ae] develop.
Ammoniacal fermentation, the conversion of the urea of the
urine into ammonium carbonate, through the growth of the
special urea ferment. CON2H4 + 2H2O = (NH4)2CO3
Note: Urea. Water. Ammonium carbonate.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Whenever urine is exposed to the air in open vessels
for several days it undergoes this alkaline
fermentation.
Butyric fermentation, the decomposition of various forms of
organic matter, through the agency of a peculiar
worm-shaped vibrio, with formation of more or less butyric
acid. It is one of the many forms of fermentation that
collectively constitute putrefaction. See {Lactic
fermentation}.
enzymatic fermentation or {Fermentation by an unorganized
ferment}. Fermentations of this class are purely chemical
reactions, in which the enzyme acts as a simple catalytic
agent. Of this nature are the decomposition or inversion
of cane sugar into levulose and dextrose by boiling with
dilute acids, the conversion of starch into dextrin and
sugar by similar treatment, the conversion of starch into
like products by the action of diastase of malt or ptyalin
of saliva, the conversion of albuminous food into peptones
and other like products by the action of
pepsin-hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice or by the
ferment of the pancreatic juice.
Fermentation theory of disease (Biol. & Med.), the theory
that most if not all, infectious or zymotic disease are
caused by the introduction into the organism of the living
germs of ferments, or ferments already developed
(organized ferments), by which processes of fermentation
are set up injurious to health. See Germ theory.
Glycerin fermentation, the fermentation which occurs on
mixing a dilute solution of glycerin with a peculiar
species of schizomycetes and some carbonate of lime, and
other matter favorable to the growth of the plant, the
glycerin being changed into butyric acid, caproic acid,
butyl, and ethyl alcohol. With another form of bacterium
(Bacillus subtilis) ethyl alcohol and butyric acid are
mainly formed.
Lactic fermentation, the transformation of milk sugar or
other saccharine body into lactic acid, as in the souring
of milk, through the agency of a special bacterium
(Bacterium lactis of Lister). In this change the milk
sugar, before assuming the form of lactic acid, presumably
passes through the stage of glucose. C12H22O11.H2O -->
4C3H6O3
Note: Hydrated milk sugar. Lactic acid.
[1913 Webster]
Note: In the lactic fermentation of dextrose or glucose, the
lactic acid which is formed is very prone to undergo
butyric fermentation after the manner indicated in the
following equation: 2C3H6O3 (lactic acid) --> C4H8O2
(butyric acid) + 2CO2 (carbonic acid) + 2H2 (hydrogen
gas).
Putrefactive fermentation. See Putrefaction.
[1913 Webster] |
Bacterium ureae
(gcide) | Urea \U"re*a\, a. [NL. See Urine.] (Physiol. Chem.)
A very soluble crystalline body which is the chief
constituent of the urine in mammals and some other animals.
It is also present in small quantity in blood, serous fluids,
lymph, the liver, etc.
[1913 Webster]
Note: It is the main product of the regressive metamorphosis
(katabolism) of proteid matter in the body, and is
excreted daily to the amount of about 500 grains by a
man of average weight. Chemically it is carbamide,
CO(NH2)2, and when heated with strong acids or
alkalies is decomposed into carbonic acid and ammonia.
It unites with acids to form salts, as nitrate of urea,
and it can be made synthetically from ammonium cyanate,
with which it is isomeric.
[1913 Webster]
Urea ferment, a soluble ferment formed by certain bacteria,
which, however, yield the ferment from the body of their
cells only after they have been killed by alcohol. It
causes urea to take up water and decompose into carbonic
acid and ammonia. Many different bacteria possess this
property, especially Bacterium ureae and {Micrococcus
ureae}, which are found abundantly in urines undergoing
alkaline fermentation.
[1913 Webster] |
Coccobacterium
(gcide) | Coccobacterium \Coc`co*bac*te"ri*um\, n.; pl. Coccobacteria.
[NL., fr. Gr. ? a grain + NL. bacterium. So called from its
round shape.] (Biol.)
One of the round variety of bacteria, a vegetable organism,
generally less than a thousandth of a millimeter in diameter.
[1913 Webster] |
corynebacterium
(gcide) | corynebacterium \co`ry*ne`bac*ter"i*um\, n. (MIcrobiol.)
Any member of the genus Corynebacterium, consisting of
gram-positive usually nonmotile irregularly rod-shaped
bacteria, some of which are pathogenic or parasitic in humans
and domestic animals, such as Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
which causes diphtheria.
[PJC] |
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
(gcide) | corynebacterium \co`ry*ne`bac*ter"i*um\, n. (MIcrobiol.)
Any member of the genus Corynebacterium, consisting of
gram-positive usually nonmotile irregularly rod-shaped
bacteria, some of which are pathogenic or parasitic in humans
and domestic animals, such as Corynebacterium diphtheriae,
which causes diphtheria.
[PJC] |
cyanobacterium
(gcide) | cyanobacterium \cyanobacterium\ pl. cyanobacteria
\cyanobacteria\ [from the pigment phycocyanin.]
any of a group of photosynthetic autotrophic prokaryotic
microorganisms possessing characteristics of both bacteria
and plants. When classed as bacteria, they are assigned to
the Cyanobacteria; when classed as plants, they are assigned
to the Cyanophyta. They were earlier named {blue-green
algae}, a term less used now in technical discussions. Since
the chlorophyll within the cyanobacteria is diffused
throughout the cell, rather than being contained in
chloroplasts, they are no longer thought of as true plants.
[PJC] |
enterobacterium
(gcide) | enterobacterium \enterobacterium\ n.
one of the enterobacteria; a member of the family
Enterobacteriaceae.
Syn: enteric bacterium, enteric.
[PJC] |
halobacterium
(gcide) | halobacter \halobacter\, halobacterium \halobacterium\n.; pl.
halobacteria, or halobacters.
Any halophilic bacterium of the archaebacteria group,
expecially of the genera Halobacterium and Halococcus,
which live in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or
salt flats.
Syn: halobacteria, halobacter.
[WordNet 1.5 +PJC] |
mycobacterium
(gcide) | mycobacterium \mycobacterium\ n.; pl. mycobacteria.
Any of various rod-shaped bacteria, some saprophytic or
causing diseases.
[WordNet 1.5] |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(gcide) | Tubercle \Tu"ber*cle\, n. [L. tuberculum, dim. of tuber: cf. F.
tubercule, OF. also tubercle. See Tuber.]
[1913 Webster]
1. A small knoblike prominence or excrescence, whether
natural or morbid; as, a tubercle on a plant; a tubercle
on a bone; the tubercles appearing on the body in leprosy.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Med.) A small mass or aggregation of morbid matter;
especially, the deposit which accompanies scrofula or
phthisis. This is composed of a hard, grayish, or
yellowish, translucent or opaque matter, which gradually
softens, and excites suppuration in its vicinity. It is
most frequently found in the lungs, causing consumption.
[1913 Webster]
Tubercle bacillus (Med.), a minute vegetable organism
(Mycobacterium tuberculosis, formerly {Bacillus
tuberculosis}, and also called Koch's bacillus)
discovered by Koch, a German physician, in the sputum of
consumptive patients and in tuberculous tissue. It is the
causative agent of tuberculosis.
[1913 Webster +PJC]Tuberculosis \Tu*ber`cu*lo"sis\, n. [NL. See Tubercle.] (Med.)
A constitutional disease caused by infection with
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (also called the {Tubercle
bacillus}), characterized by the production of tubercles in
the internal organs, and especially in the lungs, where it
constitutes the most common variety of pulmonary phthisis
(consumption). The Mycobacteria are slow-growing and without
cell walls, and are thus not affected by the beta-lactam
antibiotics; treatment is difficult, usually requiring
simultaneous administration of multiple antibiotics to effect
a cure. Prior to availability of antibiotic treatment, the
cure required extensive rest, for which special sanatoriums
were constructed.
[1913 Webster +PJC] |
myxobacterium
(gcide) | myxobacterium \myxobacterium\ n.; pl. myxobacteria.
A type of bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime;
they inhabit moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal
waste.
Syn: myxobacterium, myxobacter, gliding bacteria, slime
bacteria.
[WordNet 1.5] |
Photobacterium
(gcide) | Photobacterium \Pho`to*bac*te"ri*um\
(f[=o]`t[-o]*b[a^]k*t[=e]"r[-e]*[u^]m), n. [NL. See Photo-,
and Bacterium.] (Bacteriol.)
A genus including certain comma-shaped marine bacteria which
emit bluish or greenish phosphorescence. Also, any
microorganism of this group.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] |
Spherobacterium
(gcide) | Spherobacteria \Sphe`ro*bac*te"ri*a\, n. pl.; sing.
Spherobacterium. [NL. See Sphere, and Bacterium.]
(Biol.)
See the Note under Microbacteria.
[1913 Webster] |
Spirobacterium
(gcide) | Spirobacteria \Spi`ro*bac*te"ri*a\, n. pl.; sing.
Spirobacterium. [NL. See 4th Spire, and Bacterium.]
(Biol.)
See the Note under Microbacteria.
[1913 Webster] Spirochaeta |
agrobacterium
(wn) | Agrobacterium
n 1: small motile bacterial rods that can reduce nitrates and
cause galls on plant stems [syn: Agrobacterium, {genus
Agrobacterium}] |
agrobacterium tumefaciens
(wn) | Agrobacterium tumefaciens
n 1: the bacteria that produce crown gall disease in plants |
archaebacterium
(wn) | archaebacterium
n 1: considered ancient life forms that evolved separately from
bacteria and blue-green algae [syn: archaebacteria,
archaebacterium, archaeobacteria, archeobacteria] |
bacterium
(wn) | bacterium
n 1: (microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or
spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that
reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for
biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often
considered to be plants [syn: bacteria, bacterium] |
calymmatobacterium
(wn) | Calymmatobacterium
n 1: a genus of bacterial rods containing only the one species
that causes granuloma inguinale [syn: Calymmatobacterium,
genus Calymmatobacterium] |
calymmatobacterium granulomatis
(wn) | Calymmatobacterium granulomatis
n 1: the species of bacteria that causes granuloma inguinale |
corynebacterium
(wn) | corynebacterium
n 1: any species of the genus Corynebacterium |
corynebacterium diphtheriae
(wn) | Corynebacterium diphtheriae
n 1: a species of bacterium that causes diphtheria [syn:
Corynebacterium diphtheriae, C. diphtheriae, {Klebs-
Loeffler bacillus}] |
eubacterium
(wn) | eubacterium
n 1: a large group of bacteria having rigid cell walls; motile
types have flagella [syn: eubacteria, eubacterium,
true bacteria] |
genus agrobacterium
(wn) | genus Agrobacterium
n 1: small motile bacterial rods that can reduce nitrates and
cause galls on plant stems [syn: Agrobacterium, {genus
Agrobacterium}] |
genus calymmatobacterium
(wn) | genus Calymmatobacterium
n 1: a genus of bacterial rods containing only the one species
that causes granuloma inguinale [syn: Calymmatobacterium,
genus Calymmatobacterium] |
genus corynebacterium
(wn) | genus Corynebacterium
n 1: the type genus of the family Corynebacteriaceae which is
widely distributed in nature; the best known are parasites
and pathogens of humans and domestic animals |
genus mycobacterium
(wn) | genus Mycobacterium
n 1: nonmotile Gram-positive aerobic bacteria |
halobacterium
(wn) | halobacterium
n 1: halophiles in saline environments such as the Dead Sea or
salt flats [syn: halobacteria, halobacterium,
halobacter] |
mycobacterium
(wn) | mycobacterium
n 1: rod-shaped bacteria some saprophytic or causing diseases
[syn: mycobacteria, mycobacterium] |
mycobacterium leprae
(wn) | Mycobacterium leprae
n 1: cause of leprosy [syn: leprosy bacillus, {Mycobacterium
leprae}] |
mycobacterium tuberculosis
(wn) | Mycobacterium tuberculosis
n 1: cause of tuberculosis [syn: tubercle bacillus,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis] |
myxobacterium
(wn) | myxobacterium
n 1: bacteria that form colonies in self-produced slime; inhabit
moist soils or decaying plant matter or animal waste [syn:
myxobacteria, myxobacterium, myxobacter, {gliding
bacteria}, slime bacteria] |
nitrate bacterium
(wn) | nitrate bacterium
n 1: any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize nitrites into
nitrates [syn: nitrate bacterium, nitric bacterium] |
nitric bacterium
(wn) | nitric bacterium
n 1: any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize nitrites into
nitrates [syn: nitrate bacterium, nitric bacterium] |
nitrite bacterium
(wn) | nitrite bacterium
n 1: any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize ammonia into nitrites
[syn: nitrite bacterium, nitrous bacterium] |
nitrobacterium
(wn) | nitrobacterium
n 1: any of the bacteria in the soil that take part in the
nitrogen cycle; they oxidize ammonium compounds into
nitrites or oxidize nitrites into nitrates |
nitrous bacterium
(wn) | nitrous bacterium
n 1: any of the nitrobacteria that oxidize ammonia into nitrites
[syn: nitrite bacterium, nitrous bacterium] |
probiotic bacterium
(wn) | probiotic bacterium
n 1: a beneficial bacterium found in the intestinal tract of
healthy mammals; often considered to be a plant [syn:
probiotic, probiotic bacterium, probiotic microflora,
probiotic flora] |
ratbite fever bacterium
(wn) | ratbite fever bacterium
n 1: a bacterium causing ratbite fever [syn: {ratbite fever
bacterium}, Spirillum minus] |
|