| slovo | definícia |
calculus
(mass) | calculus
- kameň |
calculus
(encz) | calculus,kámen [med.] Jiří Šmoldas |
calculus
(encz) | calculus,kámének [med.] Jiří Šmoldas |
calculus
(encz) | calculus,počet Jiří Šmoldas |
calculus
(encz) | calculus,zubní kámen n: [med.] Jiří Dadák |
Calculus
(gcide) | Mathematics \Math`e*mat"ics\, n. [F. math['e]matiques, pl., L.
mathematica, sing., Gr. ? (sc. ?) science. See Mathematic,
and -ics.]
That science, or class of sciences, which treats of the exact
relations existing between quantities or magnitudes, and of
the methods by which, in accordance with these relations,
quantities sought are deducible from other quantities known
or supposed; the science of spatial and quantitative
relations.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Mathematics embraces three departments, namely: 1.
Arithmetic. 2. Geometry, including Trigonometry
and Conic Sections. 3. Analysis, in which letters
are used, including Algebra, Analytical Geometry,
and Calculus. Each of these divisions is divided into
pure or abstract, which considers magnitude or quantity
abstractly, without relation to matter; and mixed or
applied, which treats of magnitude as subsisting in
material bodies, and is consequently interwoven with
physical considerations.
[1913 Webster] |
Calculus
(gcide) | Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
calculus
(wn) | calculus
n 1: a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts;
found in hollow organs or ducts of the body; "renal calculi
can be very painful" [syn: calculus, concretion]
2: an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums [syn:
tartar, calculus, tophus]
3: the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and
with the differentiation and integration of functions [syn:
calculus, infinitesimal calculus] |
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
calculus
(mass) | calculus
- kameň |
calculus
(encz) | calculus,kámen [med.] Jiří Šmoldascalculus,kámének [med.] Jiří Šmoldascalculus,počet Jiří Šmoldascalculus,zubní kámen n: [med.] Jiří Dadák |
complete propositional calculus
(encz) | complete propositional calculus,úplný výrokový kalkulus n: [mat.] Ivan
Masár |
differential calculus
(encz) | differential calculus, |
functional calculus
(encz) | functional calculus, n: |
infinitesimal calculus
(encz) | infinitesimal calculus, n: |
integral calculus
(encz) | integral calculus,integrální počet Zdeněk Brož |
predicate calculus
(encz) | predicate calculus, n: |
propositional calculus
(encz) | propositional calculus,výroková logika n: [mat.] Ivan Masárpropositional calculus,výrokový kalkulus n: [mat.] Ivan Masár |
renal calculus
(encz) | renal calculus, n: |
salivary calculus
(encz) | salivary calculus, n: |
sentential calculus
(encz) | sentential calculus,výroková logika n: [mat.] Ivan Masársentential calculus,výrokový kalkulus n: [mat.] Ivan Masár |
sequent calculus
(encz) | sequent calculus,sekventový kalkulus n: [mat.] Ivan Masár |
sound propositional calculus
(encz) | sound propositional calculus,zdravý výrokový kalkulus n: [mat.] Ivan
Masár |
the calculus
(encz) | the calculus, n: |
urinary calculus
(encz) | urinary calculus, n: |
Barycentric calculus
(gcide) | Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
Biliary calculus
(gcide) | Biliary \Bil"ia*ry\ (b[i^]l"y[.a]*r[y^]; 106), a. [L. bilis
bile: cf. F. biliaire.] (Physiol.)
Relating or belonging to bile; conveying bile; as, biliary
acids; biliary ducts.
[1913 Webster]
Biliary calculus (Med.), a gallstone, or a concretion
formed in the gall bladder or its duct.
[1913 Webster] |
Calculus of functions
(gcide) | Function \Func"tion\, n. [L. functio, fr. fungi to perform,
execute, akin to Skr. bhuj to enjoy, have the use of: cf. F.
fonction. Cf. Defunct.]
1. The act of executing or performing any duty, office, or
calling; performance. "In the function of his public
calling." --Swift.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Physiol.) The appropriate action of any special organ or
part of an animal or vegetable organism; as, the function
of the heart or the limbs; the function of leaves, sap,
roots, etc.; life is the sum of the functions of the
various organs and parts of the body.
[1913 Webster]
3. The natural or assigned action of any power or faculty, as
of the soul, or of the intellect; the exertion of an
energy of some determinate kind.
[1913 Webster]
As the mind opens, and its functions spread. --Pope.
[1913 Webster]
4. The course of action which peculiarly pertains to any
public officer in church or state; the activity
appropriate to any business or profession.
[1913 Webster]
Tradesmen . . . going about their functions. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
The malady which made him incapable of performing
his
regal functions. --Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
5. (Math.) A quantity so connected with another quantity,
that if any alteration be made in the latter there will be
a consequent alteration in the former. Each quantity is
said to be a function of the other. Thus, the
circumference of a circle is a function of the diameter.
If x be a symbol to which different numerical values can
be assigned, such expressions as x^2, 3^x, Log. x, and
Sin. x, are all functions of x.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Eccl.) A religious ceremony, esp. one particularly
impressive and elaborate.
Every solemn `function' performed with the
requirements of the liturgy. --Card.
Wiseman.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
7. A public or social ceremony or gathering; a festivity or
entertainment, esp. one somewhat formal.
This function, which is our chief social event. --W.
D. Howells.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
Algebraic function, a quantity whose connection with the
variable is expressed by an equation that involves only
the algebraic operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, division, raising to a given power, and
extracting a given root; -- opposed to transcendental
function.
Arbitrary function. See under Arbitrary.
Calculus of functions. See under Calculus.
Carnot's function (Thermo-dynamics), a relation between the
amount of heat given off by a source of heat, and the work
which can be done by it. It is approximately equal to the
mechanical equivalent of the thermal unit divided by the
number expressing the temperature in degrees of the air
thermometer, reckoned from its zero of expansion.
Circular functions. See Inverse trigonometrical functions
(below). -- Continuous function, a quantity that has no
interruption in the continuity of its real values, as the
variable changes between any specified limits.
Discontinuous function. See under Discontinuous.
Elliptic functions, a large and important class of
functions, so called because one of the forms expresses
the relation of the arc of an ellipse to the straight
lines connected therewith.
Explicit function, a quantity directly expressed in terms
of the independently varying quantity; thus, in the
equations y = 6x^2, y = 10 -x^3, the quantity y is an
explicit function of x.
Implicit function, a quantity whose relation to the
variable is expressed indirectly by an equation; thus, y
in the equation x^2 + y^2 = 100 is an implicit
function of x.
Inverse trigonometrical functions, or Circular functions,
the lengths of arcs relative to the sines, tangents, etc.
Thus, AB is the arc whose sine is BD, and (if the length
of BD is x) is written sin ^-1x, and so of the other
lines. See Trigonometrical function (below). Other
transcendental functions are the exponential functions,
the elliptic functions, the gamma functions, the theta
functions, etc.
One-valued function, a quantity that has one, and only one,
value for each value of the variable. -- {Transcendental
functions}, a quantity whose connection with the variable
cannot be expressed by algebraic operations; thus, y in
the equation y = 10^x is a transcendental function of x.
See Algebraic function (above). -- {Trigonometrical
function}, a quantity whose relation to the variable is the
same as that of a certain straight line drawn in a circle
whose radius is unity, to the length of a corresponding
are of the circle. Let AB be an arc in a circle, whose
radius OA is unity let AC be a quadrant, and let OC, DB,
and AF be drawnpependicular to OA, and EB and CG parallel
to OA, and let OB be produced to G and F. E Then BD is the
sine of the arc AB; OD or EB is the cosine, AF is the
tangent, CG is the cotangent, OF is the secant OG is the
cosecant, AD is the versed sine, and CE is the coversed
sine of the are AB. If the length of AB be represented by
x (OA being unity) then the lengths of Functions. these
lines (OA being unity) are the trigonometrical functions
of x, and are written sin x, cos x, tan x (or tang x), cot
x, sec x, cosec x, versin x, coversin x. These quantities
are also considered as functions of the angle BOA.
FunctionCalculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
Calculus of operations
(gcide) | Operation \Op`er*a"tion\, n. [L. operatio: cf. F. op['e]ration.]
1. The act or process of operating; agency; the exertion of
power, physical, mechanical, or moral.
[1913 Webster]
The pain and sickness caused by manna are the
effects of its operation on the stomach. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
Speculative painting, without the assistance of
manual operation, can never attain to perfection.
--Dryden.
[1913 Webster]
2. The method of working; mode of action.
[1913 Webster]
3. That which is operated or accomplished; an effect brought
about in accordance with a definite plan; as, military or
naval operations.
[1913 Webster]
4. Effect produced; influence. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
The bards . . . had great operation on the vulgar.
--Fuller.
[1913 Webster]
5. (Math.) Something to be done; some transformation to be
made upon quantities or mathematical objects, the
transformation being indicated either by rules or symbols.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Surg.) Any methodical action of the hand, or of the hand
with instruments, on the human body, to produce a curative
or remedial effect, as in amputation, etc.
[1913 Webster]
Calculus of operations. See under Calculus.
[1913 Webster]Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
Calculus of probabilities
(gcide) | Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
Calculus of variations
(gcide) | Variation \Va`ri*a"tion\, n. [OE. variatioun, F. variation, L.
variatio. See Vary.]
1. The act of varying; a partial change in the form,
position, state, or qualities of a thing; modification;
alteration; mutation; diversity; deviation; as, a
variation of color in different lights; a variation in
size; variation of language.
[1913 Webster]
The essences of things are conceived not capable of
any such variation. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
2. Extent to which a thing varies; amount of departure from a
position or state; amount or rate of change.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Gram.) Change of termination of words, as in declension,
conjugation, derivation, etc.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Mus.) Repetition of a theme or melody with fanciful
embellishments or modifications, in time, tune, or
harmony, or sometimes change of key; the presentation of a
musical thought in new and varied aspects, yet so that the
essential features of the original shall still preserve
their identity.
[1913 Webster]
5. (Alg.) One of the different arrangements which can be made
of any number of quantities taking a certain number of
them together.
[1913 Webster]
Annual variation (Astron.), the yearly change in the right
ascension or declination of a star, produced by the
combined effects of the precession of the equinoxes and
the proper motion of the star.
Calculus of variations. See under Calculus.
Variation compass. See under Compass.
Variation of the moon (Astron.), an inequality of the
moon's motion, depending on the angular distance of the
moon from the sun. It is greater at the octants, and zero
at the quadratures.
Variation of the needle (Geog. & Naut.), the angle included
between the true and magnetic meridians of a place; the
deviation of the direction of a magnetic needle from the
true north and south line; -- called also {declination of
the needle}.
[1913 Webster]
Syn: Change; vicissitude; variety; deviation.
[1913 Webster]Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
Differential calculus
(gcide) | differential \dif`fer*en"tial\, a. [Cf. F. diff['e]rentiel.]
1. Relating to or indicating a difference; creating a
difference; discriminating; special; as, differential
characteristics; differential duties; a differential rate.
[1913 Webster]
For whom he produced differential favors. --Motley.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) Of or pertaining to a differential, or to
differentials.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Mech.) Relating to differences of motion or leverage;
producing effects by such differences; said of mechanism.
[1913 Webster]
Differential calculus. (Math.) See under Calculus.
Differential coefficient, the limit of the ratio of the
increment of a function of a variable to the increment of
the variable itself, when these increments are made
indefinitely small.
Differential coupling, a form of slip coupling used in
light machinery to regulate at pleasure the velocity of
the connected shaft.
Differential duties (Polit. Econ.), duties which are not
imposed equally upon the same products imported from
different countries.
Differential galvanometer (Elec.), a galvanometer having
two coils or circuits, usually equal, through which
currents passing in opposite directions are measured by
the difference of their effect upon the needle.
Differential gearing, a train of toothed wheels, usually an
epicyclic train, so arranged as to constitute a
differential motion.
Differential motion, a mechanism in which a simple
differential combination produces such a change of motion
or force as would, with ordinary compound arrangements,
require a considerable train of parts. It is used for
overcoming great resistance or producing very slow or very
rapid motion.
Differential pulley. (Mach.)
(a) A portable hoisting apparatus, the same in principle
as the differential windlass.
(b) A hoisting pulley to which power is applied through a
differential gearing.
Differential screw, a compound screw by which a motion is
produced equal to the difference of the motions of the
component screws.
Differential thermometer, a thermometer usually with a
U-shaped tube terminating in two air bulbs, and containing
a colored liquid, used for indicating the difference
between the temperatures to which the two bulbs are
exposed, by the change of position of the colored fluid,
in consequence of the different expansions of the air in
the bulbs. A graduated scale is attached to one leg of the
tube.
Differential windlass, or Chinese windlass, a windlass
whose barrel has two parts of different diameters. The
hoisting rope winds upon one part as it unwinds from the
other, and a pulley sustaining the weight to be lifted
hangs in the bight of the rope. It is an ancient example
of a differential motion.
[1913 Webster]Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
Exponential calculus
(gcide) | Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
Imaginary calculus
(gcide) | Imaginary \Im*ag"i*na*ry\, a. [L. imaginarius: cf. F.
imaginaire.]
Existing only in imagination or fancy; not real; fancied;
visionary; ideal.
[1913 Webster]
Wilt thou add to all the griefs I suffer
Imaginary ills and fancied tortures? --Addison.
[1913 Webster]
Imaginary calculus See under Calculus.
Imaginary expression or Imaginary quantity (Alg.), an
algebraic expression which involves the impossible
operation of taking the square root of a negative
quantity; as, [root]-9, a + b [root]-1.
Imaginary points, lines, surfaces, etc. (Geom.),
points, lines, surfaces, etc., imagined to exist, although
by reason of certain changes of a figure they have in fact
ceased to have a real existence.
Syn: Ideal; fanciful; chimerical; visionary; fancied; unreal;
illusive.
[1913 Webster]Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
Infinitesimal calculus
(gcide) | Infinitesimal \In`fin*i*tes"i*mal\, a. [Cf. F. infinit['e]simal,
fr. infinit['e]sime infinitely small, fr. L. infinitus. See
Infinite, a.]
Infinitely or indefinitely small; less than any assignable
quantity or value; very small.
[1913 Webster]
Infinitesimal calculus, the different and the integral
calculus, when developed according to the method used by
Leibnitz, who regarded the increments given to variables
as infinitesimal.
[1913 Webster] |
Integral calculus
(gcide) | Integral \In"te*gral\, a. [Cf. F. int['e]gral. See Integer.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Lacking nothing of completeness; complete; perfect;
uninjured; whole; entire.
[1913 Webster]
A local motion keepeth bodies integral. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
2. Essential to completeness; constituent, as a part;
pertaining to, or serving to form, an integer; integrant.
[1913 Webster]
Ceasing to do evil, and doing good, are the two
great integral parts that complete this duty.
--South.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Math.)
(a) Of, pertaining to, or being, a whole number or
undivided quantity; not fractional.
(b) Pertaining to, or proceeding by, integration; as, the
integral calculus.
[1913 Webster]
Integral calculus. See under Calculus.
[1913 Webster]Calculus \Cal"cu*lus\, n.; pl. Calculi. [L, calculus. See
Calculate, and Calcule.]
1. (Med.) Any solid concretion, formed in any part of the
body, but most frequent in the organs that act as
reservoirs, and in the passages connected with them; as,
biliary calculi; urinary calculi, etc.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Math.) A method of computation; any process of reasoning
by the use of symbols; any branch of mathematics that may
involve calculation.
[1913 Webster]
Barycentric calculus, a method of treating geometry by
defining a point as the center of gravity of certain other
points to which co["e]fficients or weights are ascribed.
Calculus of functions, that branch of mathematics which
treats of the forms of functions that shall satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of operations, that branch of mathematical logic
that treats of all operations that satisfy given
conditions.
Calculus of probabilities, the science that treats of the
computation of the probabilities of events, or the
application of numbers to chance.
Calculus of variations, a branch of mathematics in which
the laws of dependence which bind the variable quantities
together are themselves subject to change.
Differential calculus, a method of investigating
mathematical questions by using the ratio of certain
indefinitely small quantities called differentials. The
problems are primarily of this form: to find how the
change in some variable quantity alters at each instant
the value of a quantity dependent upon it.
Exponential calculus, that part of algebra which treats of
exponents.
Imaginary calculus, a method of investigating the relations
of real or imaginary quantities by the use of the
imaginary symbols and quantities of algebra.
Integral calculus, a method which in the reverse of the
differential, the primary object of which is to learn from
the known ratio of the indefinitely small changes of two
or more magnitudes, the relation of the magnitudes
themselves, or, in other words, from having the
differential of an algebraic expression to find the
expression itself.
[1913 Webster] |
nephritic calculus
(gcide) | Renal calculus \Renal calculus\ (Med.),
an abnormal concretion formed in the excretory passages of
the kidney, composed primarily of calcium oxalates and
phosphates; -- also called kidney stone, nephrolith, and
nephritic calculus (an obsolete term).
[PJC] |
Renal calculus
(gcide) | Renal calculus \Renal calculus\ (Med.),
an abnormal concretion formed in the excretory passages of
the kidney, composed primarily of calcium oxalates and
phosphates; -- also called kidney stone, nephrolith, and
nephritic calculus (an obsolete term).
[PJC] |
Urinary calculus
(gcide) | Urinary \U"ri*na*ry\, a. [L. urina urine: cf. F. urinaire.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Of or pertaining to the urine; as, the urinary bladder;
urinary excretions.
[1913 Webster]
2. Resembling, or being of the nature of, urine.
[1913 Webster]
Urinary calculus (Med.), a concretion composed of some one
or more crystalline constituents of the urine, liable to
be found in any portion of the urinary passages or in the
pelvis of the kidney.
Urinary pigments, (Physiol. Chem.), certain colored
substances, urochrome, or urobilin, uroerythrin, etc.,
present in the urine together with indican, a colorless
substance which by oxidation is convertible into colored
bodies.
[1913 Webster] |
calculus
(wn) | calculus
n 1: a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts;
found in hollow organs or ducts of the body; "renal calculi
can be very painful" [syn: calculus, concretion]
2: an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums [syn:
tartar, calculus, tophus]
3: the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and
with the differentiation and integration of functions [syn:
calculus, infinitesimal calculus] |
calculus of variations
(wn) | calculus of variations
n 1: the calculus of maxima and minima of definite integrals |
differential calculus
(wn) | differential calculus
n 1: the part of calculus that deals with the variation of a
function with respect to changes in the independent
variable (or variables) by means of the concepts of
derivative and differential [syn: differential calculus,
method of fluxions] |
functional calculus
(wn) | functional calculus
n 1: a system of symbolic logic that represents individuals and
predicates and quantification over individuals (as well as
the relations between propositions) [syn: {predicate
calculus}, functional calculus] |
infinitesimal calculus
(wn) | infinitesimal calculus
n 1: the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and
with the differentiation and integration of functions [syn:
calculus, infinitesimal calculus] |
integral calculus
(wn) | integral calculus
n 1: the part of calculus that deals with integration and its
application in the solution of differential equations and
in determining areas or volumes etc. |
predicate calculus
(wn) | predicate calculus
n 1: a system of symbolic logic that represents individuals and
predicates and quantification over individuals (as well as
the relations between propositions) [syn: {predicate
calculus}, functional calculus] |
propositional calculus
(wn) | propositional calculus
n 1: a branch of symbolic logic dealing with propositions as
units and with their combinations and the connectives that
relate them [syn: propositional logic, {propositional
calculus}] |
renal calculus
(wn) | renal calculus
n 1: a calculus formed in the kidney [syn: kidney stone,
urinary calculus, nephrolith, renal calculus] |
salivary calculus
(wn) | salivary calculus
n 1: a stone formed in the salivary gland [syn: sialolith,
salivary calculus] |
urinary calculus
(wn) | urinary calculus
n 1: a calculus formed in the kidney [syn: kidney stone,
urinary calculus, nephrolith, renal calculus] |
calculus of communicating systems
(foldoc) | Calculus of Communicating Systems
(CCS) A mathematical model (a formal language) for describing
processes, mostly used in the study of parallelism. A CCS
program, written in behaviour expressions syntax denotes a
process behaviour. Programs can be compared using the notion
of observational equivalence.
["A Calculus of Communicating Systems", LNCS 92, Springer
1980].
["Communication and Concurrency", R. Milner, P-H 1989].
(1994-11-29)
|
circuit calculus
(foldoc) | CIRcuit CALculus
CIRCAL
(CIRCAL) A process algebra used to model and verify the
design correctness of concurrent systems such as {digital
logic}.
["CIRCAL and the Representation of Communication, Concurrency
and Time", G.J. Milne , ACM TOPLAS
7(2):270-298, 1985].
(2001-03-25)
|
domain calculus
(foldoc) | domain calculus
A form of relational calculus in which scalar
variables take values drawn from a given domain.
Examples of the domain calculus are ILL, FQL, DEDUCE and
the well known Query By Example (QBE). INGRES is a
relational DBMS whose DML is based on the relational
calculus.
|
knights of the lambda-calculus
(foldoc) | Knights of the Lambda-Calculus
A semi-mythical organisation of wizardly LISP and Scheme
hackers. The name refers to a mathematical formalism invented
by Alonzo Church, with which LISP is intimately connected.
There is no enrollment list and the criteria for induction are
unclear, but one well-known LISPer has been known to give out
buttons and, in general, the *members* know who they are.
[Jargon File]
|
lambada-calculus
(foldoc) | Lambada-Calculus
(A pun on "lambda-calculus") Teaching logic
thru spanish dance steps. Invented by P. van der Linden
.
(1996-08-10)
|
lambda-calculus
(foldoc) | lambda-calculus
(Normally written with a Greek letter lambda).
A branch of mathematical logic developed by Alonzo Church in
the late 1930s and early 1940s, dealing with the application
of functions to their arguments. The pure lambda-calculus
contains no constants - neither numbers nor mathematical
functions such as plus - and is untyped. It consists only of
lambda abstractions (functions), variables and applications
of one function to another. All entities must therefore be
represented as functions. For example, the natural number N
can be represented as the function which applies its first
argument to its second N times (Church integer N).
Church invented lambda-calculus in order to set up a
foundational project restricting mathematics to quantities
with "effective procedures". Unfortunately, the resulting
system admits Russell's paradox in a particularly nasty way;
Church couldn't see any way to get rid of it, and gave the
project up.
Most functional programming languages are equivalent to
lambda-calculus extended with constants and types. Lisp
uses a variant of lambda notation for defining functions but
only its purely functional subset is really equivalent to
lambda-calculus.
See reduction.
(1995-04-13)
|
nu-calculus
(foldoc) | nu-calculus
An asynchronous version of pi-calculus.
|
pi-calculus
(foldoc) | pi-calculus
A process algebra in which channel names can act
both as transmission medium and as transmitted data. Its
basic atomic actions are individual point to point
communications which are nondeterministically selected and
globally sequentialised.
[Details? Examples?]
(1995-03-20)
|
polymorphic lambda-calculus
(foldoc) | polymorphic lambda-calculus
System F
(Or "second order typed lambda-calculus",
"System F", "Lambda-2"). An extension of {typed
lambda-calculus} allowing functions which take types as
parameters. E.g. the polymorphic function "twice" may be
written:
twice = /\ t . \ (f :: t -> t) . \ (x :: t) . f (f x)
(where "/\" is an upper case Greek lambda and "(v :: T)" is
usually written as v with subscript T). The parameter t will
be bound to the type to which twice is applied, e.g.:
twice Int
takes and returns a function of type Int -> Int. (Actual type
arguments are often written in square brackets [ ]). Function
twice itself has a higher type:
twice :: Delta t . (t -> t) -> (t -> t)
(where Delta is an upper case Greek delta). Thus /\
introduces an object which is a function of a type and Delta
introduces a type which is a function of a type.
Polymorphic lambda-calculus was invented by Jean-Yves Girard
in 1971 and independently by John C. Reynolds in 1974.
["Proofs and Types", J-Y. Girard, Cambridge U Press 1989].
(2005-03-07)
|
predicate calculus
(foldoc) | predicate logic
predicate calculus
(Or "predicate calculus") An extension of
propositional logic with separate symbols for predicates,
subjects, and quantifiers.
For example, where propositional logic might assign a single
symbol P to the proposition "All men are mortal", predicate
logic can define the predicate M(x) which asserts that the
subject, x, is mortal and bind x with the {universal
quantifier} ("For all"):
All x . M(x)
Higher-order predicate logic allows predicates to be the
subjects of other predicates.
(2002-05-21)
|
propositional calculus
(foldoc) | propositional logic
propositional calculus
(or "propositional calculus") A system of {symbolic
logic} using symbols to stand for whole propositions and
logical connectives. Propositional logic only considers
whether a proposition is true or false. In contrast to
predicate logic, it does not consider the internal structure
of propositions.
(2002-05-21)
|
pure lambda-calculus
(foldoc) | pure lambda-calculus
Lambda-calculus with no constants, only functions expressed
as lambda abstractions.
(1994-10-27)
|
relational calculus
(foldoc) | relational calculus
An operational methodolgy, founded on {predicate
calculus}, dealing with descripitive expressions that are
equivalent to the operations of relational algebra. {Codd's
reduction algorithm} can convert from relational calculus to
relational algebra.
Two forms of the relational calculus exist: the {tuple
calculus} and the domain calculus.
["An Introduction To Database Systems" (6th ed), C. J. Date,
Addison Wesley].
(1998-10-05)
|
second-order lambda-calculus
(foldoc) | Second-Order Lambda-calculus
(SOL) A typed lambda-calculus.
["Abstract Types have Existential Type", J. Mitchell et al,
12th POPL, ACM 1985, pp. 37-51].
(1995-07-29)
|
tuple calculus
(foldoc) | tuple calculus
A form of relational calculus in which a
variable's only permitted values are tuples of a given
relation.
Codd's unimplemented language ALPHA and the subsequent
QUEL are examples of the tuple calculus.
(1998-10-05)
|
typed lambda-calculus
(foldoc) | typed lambda-calculus
(TLC) A variety of lambda-calculus in which every
term is labelled with a type.
A function application (A B) is only synctactically valid if
A has type s --> t, where the type of B is s (or an instance
or s in a polymorphic language) and t is any type.
If the types allowed for terms are restricted, e.g. to
Hindley-Milner types then no term may be applied to itself,
thus avoiding one kind of non-terminating evaluation.
Most functional programming languages, e.g. Haskell, ML,
are closely based on variants of the typed lambda-calculus.
(1995-03-25)
|
knights of the lambda calculus
(jargon) | Knights of the Lambda Calculus
n.
A semi-mythical organization of wizardly LISP and Scheme hackers. The name
refers to a mathematical formalism invented by Alonzo Church, with which
LISP is intimately connected. There is no enrollment list and the criteria
for induction are unclear, but one well-known LISPer has been known to give
out buttons and, in general, the members know who they are....
|
|