| slovo | definícia |
ontology
(mass) | ontology
- ontológia |
ontology
(encz) | ontology,ontologie n: Zdeněk Brož |
Ontology
(gcide) | Ontology \On*tol"o*gy\, n. [Gr. ? the things which exist
(pl.neut. of ?, ?, being, p. pr. of ? to be) + -logy: cf. F.
ontologie.]
1. That department of the science of metaphysics which
investigates and explains the nature and essential
properties and relations of all beings, as such, or the
principles and causes of being.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Computers) A systematic arrangement of all of the
important categories of objects or concepts which exist in
some field of discourse, showing the relations between
them. When complete, an ontology is a categorization of
all of the concepts in some field of knowledge, including
the objects and all of the properties, relations, and
functions needed to define the objects and specify their
actions. A simplified ontology may contain only a
hierarchical classification (a taxonomy) showing the
type subsumption relations between concepts in the field
of discourse. An ontology may be visualized as an abstract
graph with nodes and labeled arcs representing the objects
and relations.
Note: The concepts included in an ontology and the
hierarchical ordering will be to a certain extent
arbitrary, depending upon the purpose for which the
ontology is created. This arises from the fact that
objects are of varying importance for different
purposes, and different properties of objects may be
chosen as the criteria by which objects are classified.
In addition, different degrees of aggregation of
concepts may be used, and distinctions of importance
for one purpose may be of no concern for a different
purpose.
[PJC] |
ontology
(wn) | ontology
n 1: (computer science) a rigorous and exhaustive organization
of some knowledge domain that is usually hierarchical and
contains all the relevant entities and their relations
2: the metaphysical study of the nature of being and existence |
ontology
(foldoc) | ontology
1. A systematic account of Existence.
2. (From philosophy) An explicit
formal specification of how to represent the objects, concepts
and other entities that are assumed to exist in some area of
interest and the relationships that hold among them.
For AI systems, what "exists" is that which can be
represented. When the knowledge about a domain is
represented in a declarative language, the set of objects
that can be represented is called the universe of discourse.
We can describe the ontology of a program by defining a set of
representational terms. Definitions associate the names of
entities in the universe of discourse (e.g. classes,
relations, functions or other objects) with human-readable
text describing what the names mean, and formal axioms that
constrain the interpretation and well-formed use of these
terms. Formally, an ontology is the statement of a {logical
theory}.
A set of agents that share the same ontology will be able to
communicate about a domain of discourse without necessarily
operating on a globally shared theory. We say that an agent
commits to an ontology if its observable actions are
consistent with the definitions in the ontology. The idea of
ontological commitment is based on the Knowledge-Level
perspective.
3. The hierarchical structuring of
knowledge about things by subcategorising them according to
their essential (or at least relevant and/or cognitive)
qualities. See subject index. This is an extension of the
previous senses of "ontology" (above) which has become common
in discussions about the difficulty of maintaining {subject
indices}.
(1997-04-09)
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
deontology
(encz) | deontology,deontologie n: Zdeněk Brož |
gerontology
(encz) | gerontology,gerontologie n: Zdeněk Brož |
human palaeontology
(encz) | human palaeontology, n: |
human paleontology
(encz) | human paleontology, n: |
micropaleontology
(encz) | micropaleontology,mikropaleontologie n: Zdeněk Brož |
odontology
(encz) | odontology,odontologie n: Zdeněk Brož |
palaeontology
(encz) | palaeontology,paleontologie n: Zdeněk Brož |
paleontology
(encz) | paleontology,paleontologie n: Martin Král |
vertebrate paleontology
(encz) | vertebrate paleontology, n: |
Brontology
(gcide) | Brontology \Bron*tol"o*gy\, n. [Gr. ? thunder + -logy.]
A treatise upon thunder.
[1913 Webster] |
Deontology
(gcide) | Deontology \De`on*tol"o*gy\, n. [Gr. ? gen. ?, necessity,
obligation (p. neut. of ? it is necessary) + -logy.]
The science which relates to duty or moral obligation. --J.
Bentham.
[1913 Webster] |
Odontology
(gcide) | Odontology \O`don*tol"o*gy\, n. [Odonto- + -logy: cf. F.
odontologie.]
The science which treats of the teeth, their structure and
development.
[1913 Webster] |
Ontology
(gcide) | Ontology \On*tol"o*gy\, n. [Gr. ? the things which exist
(pl.neut. of ?, ?, being, p. pr. of ? to be) + -logy: cf. F.
ontologie.]
1. That department of the science of metaphysics which
investigates and explains the nature and essential
properties and relations of all beings, as such, or the
principles and causes of being.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Computers) A systematic arrangement of all of the
important categories of objects or concepts which exist in
some field of discourse, showing the relations between
them. When complete, an ontology is a categorization of
all of the concepts in some field of knowledge, including
the objects and all of the properties, relations, and
functions needed to define the objects and specify their
actions. A simplified ontology may contain only a
hierarchical classification (a taxonomy) showing the
type subsumption relations between concepts in the field
of discourse. An ontology may be visualized as an abstract
graph with nodes and labeled arcs representing the objects
and relations.
Note: The concepts included in an ontology and the
hierarchical ordering will be to a certain extent
arbitrary, depending upon the purpose for which the
ontology is created. This arises from the fact that
objects are of varying importance for different
purposes, and different properties of objects may be
chosen as the criteria by which objects are classified.
In addition, different degrees of aggregation of
concepts may be used, and distinctions of importance
for one purpose may be of no concern for a different
purpose.
[PJC] |
palaeontology
(gcide) | palaeontology \palaeontology\ n.
The branch of archeology that studies fossil organisms and
related remains.
Syn: paleontology, fossilology.
[WordNet 1.5] |
Paleontology
(gcide) | Paleontology \Pa`le*on*tol"o*gy\
(p[=a]`l[-e]*[o^]n*t[o^]l"[-o]*j[y^]), n. [Paleo- + Gr.
'o`nta existing things + -logy. Cf. Ontology.]
The science which treats of the ancient life of the earth, or
of fossils which are the remains of such life.
[1913 Webster]Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr.
L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.]
1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the
constitution of a thing; belonging to native character;
according to nature; essential; characteristic; innate;
not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as,
the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural
motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or
disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.
[1913 Webster]
With strong natural sense, and rare force of will.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature;
consonant to the methods of nature; according to the
stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws
which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or
violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural
consequence of crime; a natural death; anger is a natural
response to insult.
[1913 Webster]
What can be more natural than the circumstances in
the behavior of those women who had lost their
husbands on this fatal day? --Addison.
[1913 Webster]
3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with,
or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and
mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or
experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural
science; history, theology.
[1913 Webster]
I call that natural religion which men might know .
. . by the mere principles of reason, improved by
consideration and experience, without the help of
revelation. --Bp. Wilkins.
[1913 Webster]
4. Conformed to truth or reality; as:
(a) Springing from true sentiment; not artificial or
exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a
natural gesture, tone, etc.
(b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature;
according to the life; -- said of anything copied or
imitated; as, a portrait is natural.
[1913 Webster]
5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to
one's position; not unnatural in feelings.
[1913 Webster]
To leave his wife, to leave his babes, . . .
He wants the natural touch. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. especially,
Related by birth rather than by adoption; as, one's
natural mother. "Natural friends." --J. H. Newman.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
7. Hence: Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of
wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.
[1913 Webster]
8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as
contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which
is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate.
[1913 Webster]
The natural man receiveth not the things of the
Spirit of God. --1 Cor. ii.
14.
[1913 Webster]
9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some
system, in which the base is 1; -- said of certain
functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those
commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken
in arcs whose radii are 1.
[1913 Webster]
10. (Mus.)
(a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human
throat, in distinction from instrumental music.
(b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat
nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major.
(c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which
moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but
little from the original key.
(d) Neither flat nor sharp; -- of a tone.
(e) Changed to the pitch which is neither flat nor sharp,
by appending the sign [natural]; as, A natural.
--Moore (Encyc. of Music).
[1913 Webster +PJC]
11. Existing in nature or created by the forces of nature, in
contrast to production by man; not made, manufactured, or
processed by humans; as, a natural ruby; a natural
bridge; natural fibers; a deposit of natural calcium
sulfate. Opposed to artificial, man-made,
manufactured, processed and synthetic. [WordNet
sense 2]
[PJC]
12. Hence: Not processed or refined; in the same statre as
that existing in nature; as, natural wood; natural foods.
[PJC]
Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas.
etc.
Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common
chord.
Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or
description of nature as a whole, including the sciences
of botany, Zoology, geology, mineralogy,
paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent
usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of
botany and Zoology collectively, and sometimes to the
science of zoology alone.
Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right
and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished
from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated
human law.
Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its
relative keys.
Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order.
Natural person. (Law) See under person, n.
Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in
general; the natural sciences; in modern usage, that
branch of physical science, commonly called physics,
which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and
considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by
any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with
mental philosophy and moral philosophy.
Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without
flats or sharps.
Note: Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to
mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales
represented by the use of flats and sharps) being
equally natural with the so-called natural scale.
Natural science, the study of objects and phenomena
existing in nature, especially biology, chemistry, physics
and their interdisciplinary related sciences; {natural
history}, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in
contradistinction to social science, mathematics,
philosophy, mental science or moral science.
Natural selection (Biol.), the operation of natural laws
analogous, in their operation and results, to designed
selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in
the survival of the fittest; the elimination over time of
species unable to compete in specific environments with
other species more adapted to survival; -- the essential
mechanism of evolution. The principle of natural selection
is neutral with respect to the mechanism by which
inheritable changes occur in organisms (most commonly
thought to be due to mutation of genes and reorganization
of genomes), but proposes that those forms which have
become so modified as to be better adapted to the existing
environment have tended to survive and leave similarly
adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted
have tended to die out through lack of fitness for the
environment, thus resulting in the survival of the
fittest. See Darwinism.
Natural system (Bot. & Zool.), a classification based upon
real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of
the organisms, and by their embryology.
It should be borne in mind that the natural system
of botany is natural only in the constitution of its
genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand
divisions. --Gray.
Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of
theological science which treats of those evidences of the
existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are
exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from {revealed
religion}. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3.
Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir,
her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest
open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel,
under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
Syn: See Native.
[1913 Webster] |
paleontology
(gcide) | Paleontology \Pa`le*on*tol"o*gy\
(p[=a]`l[-e]*[o^]n*t[o^]l"[-o]*j[y^]), n. [Paleo- + Gr.
'o`nta existing things + -logy. Cf. Ontology.]
The science which treats of the ancient life of the earth, or
of fossils which are the remains of such life.
[1913 Webster]Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr.
L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.]
1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the
constitution of a thing; belonging to native character;
according to nature; essential; characteristic; innate;
not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as,
the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural
motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or
disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.
[1913 Webster]
With strong natural sense, and rare force of will.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature;
consonant to the methods of nature; according to the
stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws
which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or
violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural
consequence of crime; a natural death; anger is a natural
response to insult.
[1913 Webster]
What can be more natural than the circumstances in
the behavior of those women who had lost their
husbands on this fatal day? --Addison.
[1913 Webster]
3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with,
or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and
mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or
experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural
science; history, theology.
[1913 Webster]
I call that natural religion which men might know .
. . by the mere principles of reason, improved by
consideration and experience, without the help of
revelation. --Bp. Wilkins.
[1913 Webster]
4. Conformed to truth or reality; as:
(a) Springing from true sentiment; not artificial or
exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a
natural gesture, tone, etc.
(b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature;
according to the life; -- said of anything copied or
imitated; as, a portrait is natural.
[1913 Webster]
5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to
one's position; not unnatural in feelings.
[1913 Webster]
To leave his wife, to leave his babes, . . .
He wants the natural touch. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. especially,
Related by birth rather than by adoption; as, one's
natural mother. "Natural friends." --J. H. Newman.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
7. Hence: Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of
wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.
[1913 Webster]
8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as
contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which
is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate.
[1913 Webster]
The natural man receiveth not the things of the
Spirit of God. --1 Cor. ii.
14.
[1913 Webster]
9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some
system, in which the base is 1; -- said of certain
functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those
commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken
in arcs whose radii are 1.
[1913 Webster]
10. (Mus.)
(a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human
throat, in distinction from instrumental music.
(b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat
nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major.
(c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which
moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but
little from the original key.
(d) Neither flat nor sharp; -- of a tone.
(e) Changed to the pitch which is neither flat nor sharp,
by appending the sign [natural]; as, A natural.
--Moore (Encyc. of Music).
[1913 Webster +PJC]
11. Existing in nature or created by the forces of nature, in
contrast to production by man; not made, manufactured, or
processed by humans; as, a natural ruby; a natural
bridge; natural fibers; a deposit of natural calcium
sulfate. Opposed to artificial, man-made,
manufactured, processed and synthetic. [WordNet
sense 2]
[PJC]
12. Hence: Not processed or refined; in the same statre as
that existing in nature; as, natural wood; natural foods.
[PJC]
Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas.
etc.
Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common
chord.
Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or
description of nature as a whole, including the sciences
of botany, Zoology, geology, mineralogy,
paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent
usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of
botany and Zoology collectively, and sometimes to the
science of zoology alone.
Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right
and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished
from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated
human law.
Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its
relative keys.
Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order.
Natural person. (Law) See under person, n.
Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in
general; the natural sciences; in modern usage, that
branch of physical science, commonly called physics,
which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and
considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by
any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with
mental philosophy and moral philosophy.
Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without
flats or sharps.
Note: Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to
mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales
represented by the use of flats and sharps) being
equally natural with the so-called natural scale.
Natural science, the study of objects and phenomena
existing in nature, especially biology, chemistry, physics
and their interdisciplinary related sciences; {natural
history}, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in
contradistinction to social science, mathematics,
philosophy, mental science or moral science.
Natural selection (Biol.), the operation of natural laws
analogous, in their operation and results, to designed
selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in
the survival of the fittest; the elimination over time of
species unable to compete in specific environments with
other species more adapted to survival; -- the essential
mechanism of evolution. The principle of natural selection
is neutral with respect to the mechanism by which
inheritable changes occur in organisms (most commonly
thought to be due to mutation of genes and reorganization
of genomes), but proposes that those forms which have
become so modified as to be better adapted to the existing
environment have tended to survive and leave similarly
adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted
have tended to die out through lack of fitness for the
environment, thus resulting in the survival of the
fittest. See Darwinism.
Natural system (Bot. & Zool.), a classification based upon
real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of
the organisms, and by their embryology.
It should be borne in mind that the natural system
of botany is natural only in the constitution of its
genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand
divisions. --Gray.
Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of
theological science which treats of those evidences of the
existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are
exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from {revealed
religion}. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3.
Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir,
her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest
open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel,
under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
Syn: See Native.
[1913 Webster] |
gerontology
(wn) | gerontology
n 1: the branch of medical science that deals with diseases and
problems specific to old people [syn: geriatrics,
gerontology] |
human palaeontology
(wn) | human palaeontology
n 1: the scientific study of human fossils [syn:
paleoanthropology, palaeoanthropology, {human
paleontology}, human palaeontology] |
human paleontology
(wn) | human paleontology
n 1: the scientific study of human fossils [syn:
paleoanthropology, palaeoanthropology, {human
paleontology}, human palaeontology] |
micropaleontology
(wn) | micropaleontology
n 1: the paleontology of microfossils |
odontology
(wn) | odontology
n 1: the branch of medicine dealing with the anatomy and
development and diseases of the teeth [syn: dentistry,
dental medicine, odontology] |
palaeontology
(wn) | palaeontology
n 1: the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related
remains [syn: paleontology, palaeontology,
fossilology] |
paleontology
(wn) | paleontology
n 1: the earth science that studies fossil organisms and related
remains [syn: paleontology, palaeontology,
fossilology] |
vertebrate paleontology
(wn) | vertebrate paleontology
n 1: the paleontology of vertebrates |
fontology
(foldoc) | fontology
(XEROX PARC) The body of knowledge dealing with the
construction and use of new fonts (e.g. for window systems
and typesetting software). It has been said that fontology
recapitulates file-ogeny.
Unfortunately, this reference to the embryological dictum
that "Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny" is not merely a joke.
On the Macintosh, for example, System 7 has to go through
contortions to compensate for an earlier design error that
created a whole different set of abstractions for fonts
parallel to "files" and "folders" - ESR
[Jargon File]
(1994-12-01)
|
fontology
(jargon) | fontology
n.
[XEROX PARC] The body of knowledge dealing with the construction and use of
new fonts (e.g., for window systems and typesetting software). It has been
said that fontology recapitulates file-ogeny.
[Unfortunately, this reference to the embryological dictum that “Ontogeny
recapitulates phylogeny” is not merely a joke. On the Macintosh, for
example, System 7 has to go through contortions to compensate for an
earlier design error that created a whole different set of abstractions for
fonts parallel to ‘files’ and ‘folders’ —ESR]
|
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