| slovo | definícia |
programming language
(encz) | programming language, n: |
programming language
(gcide) | Language \Lan"guage\, n. [OE. langage, F. langage, fr. L. lingua
the tongue, hence speech, language; akin to E. tongue. See
Tongue, cf. Lingual.]
[1913 Webster]
1. Any means of conveying or communicating ideas;
specifically, human speech; the expression of ideas by the
voice; sounds, expressive of thought, articulated by the
organs of the throat and mouth.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Language consists in the oral utterance of sounds which
usage has made the representatives of ideas. When two
or more persons customarily annex the same sounds to
the same ideas, the expression of these sounds by one
person communicates his ideas to another. This is the
primary sense of language, the use of which is to
communicate the thoughts of one person to another
through the organs of hearing. Articulate sounds are
represented to the eye by letters, marks, or
characters, which form words.
[1913 Webster]
2. The expression of ideas by writing, or any other
instrumentality.
[1913 Webster]
3. The forms of speech, or the methods of expressing ideas,
peculiar to a particular nation.
[1913 Webster]
4. The characteristic mode of arranging words, peculiar to an
individual speaker or writer; manner of expression; style.
[1913 Webster]
Others for language all their care express. --Pope.
[1913 Webster]
5. The inarticulate sounds by which animals inferior to man
express their feelings or their wants.
[1913 Webster]
6. The suggestion, by objects, actions, or conditions, of
ideas associated therewith; as, the language of flowers.
[1913 Webster]
There was . . . language in their very gesture.
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
7. The vocabulary and phraseology belonging to an art or
department of knowledge; as, medical language; the
language of chemistry or theology.
[1913 Webster]
8. A race, as distinguished by its speech. [R.]
[1913 Webster]
All the people, the nations, and the languages, fell
down and worshiped the golden image. --Dan. iii. 7.
[1913 Webster]
9. Any system of symbols created for the purpose of
communicating ideas, emotions, commands, etc., between
sentient agents.
[PJC]
10. Specifically: (computers) Any set of symbols and the
rules for combining them which are used to specify to a
computer the actions that it is to take; also referred to
as a computer lanugage or programming language; as,
JAVA is a new and flexible high-level language which has
achieved popularity very rapidly.
[PJC]
Note: Computer languages are classed a low-level if each
instruction specifies only one operation of the
computer, or high-level if each instruction may specify
a complex combination of operations. Machine language
and assembly language are low-level computer
languages. FORTRAN, COBOL and C are high-level
computer languages. Other computer languages, such as
JAVA, allow even more complex combinations of low-level
operations to be performed with a single command. Many
programs, such as databases, are supplied with special
languages adapted to manipulate the objects of concern
for that specific program. These are also high-level
languages.
[PJC]
Language master, a teacher of languages. [Obs.]
Syn: Speech; tongue; idiom; dialect; phraseology; diction;
discourse; conversation; talk.
Usage: Language, Speech, Tongue, Idiom, Dialect.
Language is generic, denoting, in its most extended
use, any mode of conveying ideas; speech is the
language of articulate sounds; tongue is the
Anglo-Saxon term for language, esp. for spoken
language; as, the English tongue. Idiom denotes the
forms of construction peculiar to a particular
language; dialects are varieties of expression which
spring up in different parts of a country among people
speaking substantially the same language.
[1913 Webster] |
programming language
(wn) | programming language
n 1: (computer science) a language designed for programming
computers [syn: programming language, {programing
language}] |
programming language
(foldoc) | programming language
computer language
A formal language in which computer programs are
written. The definition of a particular language consists of both
syntax (how the various symbols of the language may be combined)
and semantics (the meaning of the language constructs).
Languages are classified as low level if they are close to
machine code and high level if each language statement
corresponds to many machine code instructions (though this
could also apply to a low level language with extensive use of
macros, in which case it would be debatable whether it still
counted as low level). A roughly parallel classification is
the description as first generation language through to
fifth generation language.
The other major classification of languages distinguishes
between imperative languages, procedural language and
declarative languages.
{Programming languages in this dictionary
(/contents/language.html)}.
{Programming languages time-line/family tree
(http://levenez.com/lang/history.html)}.
(2004-05-17)
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| | podobné slovo | definícia |
object-oriented programming language
(encz) | object-oriented programming language,objektově orientovaný programovací
jazyk n: [it.] Václav Dvořák |
higher programming language
(gcide) | higher programming language \higher programming language\ n.
(Computers)
A computer programming language with an instruction set
allowing one instruction to code for several assembly
language instructions.
Note: The aggregation of several assembly-language
instructions into one instruction allows much greater
efficiency in writing computer programs. Most programs
are now written in some higher programming language,
such as BASIC, FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++,
PROLOG, or JAVA.
[PJC] |
object-oriented programming language
(wn) | object-oriented programming language
n 1: (computer science) a programming language that enables the
programmer to associate a set of procedures with each type
of data structure; "C++ is an object-oriented programming
language that is an extension of C" [syn: {object-oriented
programming language}, {object-oriented programing
language}] |
a hardware programming language
(foldoc) | A Hardware Programming Language
AHPL
(AHPL) A register-level language by Hill and
Peterson, some of whose operators resemble APL.
HPSIM2 is a function-level simulator, available from Engrg
Expt Sta, University of Arizona.
["Digital Systems: Hardware Organization and Design", F. Hill
et al, Wiley 1987].
(1995-01-26)
|
a programming language
(foldoc) | A Programming Language
APL
ISO 8485
(APL) A programming language designed originally by
Ken Iverson at Harvard University in 1957-1960 as a notation
for the concise expression of mathematical algorithms. It
went unnamed (or just called Iverson's Language) and
unimplemented for many years. Finally a subset, APL\360, was
implemented in 1964.
APL is an interactive array-oriented language and programming
environment with many innovative features. It was originally
written using a non-standard character set. It is
dynamically typed with dynamic scope. APL introduced
several functional forms but is not purely functional.
Dyalog APL/W and Visual APL are recognized .NET languages.
Dyalog APL/W, APLX and APL2000 all offer object-oriented
extensions to the language.
ISO 8485 is the 1989 standard defining the language.
Commercial versions: APL SV, VS APL, Sharp APL, Sharp APL/PC,
APL*PLUS, APL*PLUS/PC, APL*PLUS/PC II, MCM APL, Honeyapple,
DEC APL, {APL+Win, APL+Linux, APL+Unix and VisualAPL
(http://www.apl2000.com/)}, {Dyalog APL
(http://www.dyalog.com/)}, {IBM APL2
(http://www-306.ibm.com/software/awdtools/apl/)}, {APLX
(http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/)}, {Sharp APL
(http://www.soliton.com/services_sharp.html)}
Open source version: NARS2000 (http://www.nars2000.org/).
APL wiki (http://aplwiki.com/).
See also Kamin's interpreters.
APLWEB (http://www.microapl.co.uk/apl/) translates WEB to
APL.
["A Programming Language", Kenneth E. Iverson, Wiley, 1962].
["APL: An Interactive Approach", 1976].
(2009-08-11)
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computer programming language
(foldoc) | computer programming language
A somewhat redundant term for programming language.
(2014-10-18)
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eden programming language
(foldoc) | Eden Programming Language
(EPL) A language developed at the {University of
Washington}, based on Concurrent Euclid and used with the
Eden distributed operating system.
EPL influenced Emerald and Distributed Smalltalk.
["EPL Programmer's Guide", A. Black et al, U Washington June
1984].
Eden
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equational programming language
(foldoc) | Equational Programming Language
(EPL) An equational language for parallel
scientific applications, developed by RPI. Szymanski.
["EPL - Parallel Programming with Recurrent Equations",
B. Szymanski in Parallel Functional Languages and Compilers,
B. Szymanski et al, A-W 1991].
(2010-09-21)
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esoteric programming language
(foldoc) | esoteric programming language
esolang
(esolang) An intentionally unconventional
computer programming language designed not for practical use
but, rather, to experiment with weird ideas, to be hard to program
in or as a joke.
Brainfuck is one of the best known esolangs.
esolangs.org wiki (http://esolangs.org/).
(2014-10-18)
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experimental programming language
(foldoc) | Experimental Programming Language
(EPL) A language by David May which influenced
occam.
["EPL: An Experimental Language for Distributed Computing",
D.C. May, in Trends and Applications 1978: Distributed
Processing, NBS, pp.69-71].
(1994-11-18)
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frobozz magic programming language
(foldoc) | Frobozz Magic Programming Language
FMPL
(FMPL of Accardi). A prototype-based,
object-oriented, event-driven (mainly I/O events) interpreted
language with functional features. Developed at the
Experimental Computing Facility, {University of California,
Berkeley}.
There is an interpreter by Jon Blow
.
(ftp://xcf.berkeley.edu/src/local/fmpl).
Mailing list: .
E-mail: Jack Hsu .
(1992-06-02)
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functional programming language
(foldoc) | functional programming language
A language that supports and encourages {functional
programming}.
(1995-11-08)
|
genken programming language
(foldoc) | Genken Programming Language
(GPL) A variant of PL360 by K. Asai of the Japan
Atomic Energy Research Institute.
["Experience With GPL", K. Asai, in Machine Oriented Higher
Level Languages, W. van der Poel, N-H 1974, pp. 371-376].
(1995-04-13)
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intermediate programming language
(foldoc) | Intermediate Programming Language
A very early attempt by Arthur W. Burks to express
machine language at a higher level of abstraction. Like
Plankalkul, it used a right-handed style of assignment, in
which the location appears on the right.
(1995-05-09)
|
jam programming language
(foldoc) | JAM Programming Language
(JPL) A string-based imperative language from
JYACC Corporation, part of the JAM tool for developing
screen (non-window) applications.
(2007-10-02)
|
new programming language
(foldoc) | NEW Programming language
NEWP
(NEWP) A language which replaced ESPOL on the
Burroughs Large System.
(1994-12-13)
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object-oriented programming language
(foldoc) | object-oriented programming
object-oriented language
object-oriented programming language
OOP
OOPL
(OOP) The use of a class of programming
languages and techniques based on the concept of an "object"
which is a data structure (abstract data type) encapsulated
with a set of routines, called "methods", which operate on
the data. Operations on the data can __only__ be performed via
these methods, which are common to all objects that are
instances of a particular "class". Thus the interface to
objects is well defined, and allows the code implementing the
methods to be changed so long as the interface remains the
same.
Each class is a separate module and has a position in a
"class hierarchy". Methods or code in one class can be
passed down the hierarchy to a subclass or inherited from a
superclass. This is called "inheritance".
A procedure call is described as invoking a method on an
object (which effectively becomes the procedure's first
argument), and may optionally include other arguments. The
method name is looked up in the object's class to find out how
to perform that operation on the given object. If the method
is not defined for the object's class, it is looked for in its
superclass and so on up the class hierarchy until it is found
or there is no higher superclass.
OOP started with SIMULA-67 around 1970 and became
all-pervasive with the advent of C++, and later Java.
Another popular object-oriented programming language (OOPL) is
Smalltalk, a seminal example from Xerox's {Palo Alto
Research Center} (PARC). Others include Ada, {Object
Pascal}, Objective C, DRAGOON, BETA, Emerald, POOL,
Eiffel, Self, Oblog, ESP, LOOPS, POLKA, and
Python. Other languages, such as Perl and VB, permit,
but do not enforce OOP.
FAQ (http://iamwww.unibe.ch/~scg/OOinfo/FAQ/).
(http://zgdv.igd.fhg.de/papers/se/oop/).
(http://cuiwww.unige.ch/Chloe/OOinfo).
Usenet newsgroup: news:comp.object.
(2001-10-11)
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popularity of programming languages
(foldoc) | PopularitY of Programming Languages
PYPL
(PYPL) An index like Tiobe showing the
popularity of programming languages based by analyzing
searches for language tutorials on Google.
Home (http://pypl.github.io/PYPL.html).
(2020-01-31)
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programming language/cornell
(foldoc) | Programming Language/Cornell
PL/C
PL Cornell
(PL/C) A large subset of PL/I from {Cornell
University}, aimed at novice programmers.
["Introduction to PL/1 and PL/C programming", Kochenburger,
Ralph J., Santa Barbara, Hamilton, c1974].
["User's Guide to PL/C", S. Worona et al, Cornell, June 1974].
["PL/C - A High Performance Compiler" H.L. Morgan et al, Proc
SJCC, AFIPS 38:503-510 (1971)].
(1999-05-26)
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programming language/systems
(foldoc) | Programming Language/Systems
PL/S
(PL/S) An IBM machine-oriented language derived
from PL/I, in the late 1960s, for the IBM 360 and {IBM
370}. PL/S permitted inline assembly language and control
over register usage.
Previous IBM 360 operating systems such as OS/MFT and
OS/MVT had been written entirely in assembly language.
The first IBM OS that had any significant portion written in
PL/S was MVS, followed by OS/VS1, OS/VS2 and OS/SVS.
PL/S was part of IBM's {OCO
(http://www.landley.net/history/mirror/ibm/oco.html)} (object
code only) effort, started in 1983. PL/S was used internally
and never released to the public. It is documented in various
IBM internal ZZ-? publications.
Versions: PLS1, PLSII.
["PL/S, Programming Language/Systems", W.R. Brittenham, Proc
GUIDE Intl, GUIDE 34, May 14, 1972, pp. 540-556].
(2012-01-20)
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system programming language
(foldoc) | Ousterhout's dichotomy
applications language
Ousterhout's fallacy
Ousterhout's false dichotomy
system programming language
John Ousterhout's division of {high-level
languages} into "system programming languages" and "scripting
languages". This distinction underlies the design of his
language Tcl.
System programming languages (or "applications languages") are
strongly typed, allow arbitrarily complex data structures,
and programs in them are compiled, and are meant to operate
largely independently of other programs. Prototypical system
programming languages are C and Modula-2.
By contrast, scripting languages (or "glue languages") are
weakly typed or untyped, have little or no provision for
complex data structures, and programs in them ("scripts")
are interpreted. Scripts need to interact either with other
programs (often as glue) or with a set of functions provided
by the interpreter, as with the file system functions
provided in a UNIX shell and with Tcl's GUI functions.
Prototypical scripting languages are AppleScript, C Shell,
MS-DOS batch files and Tcl.
Many believe that this is a highly arbitrary dichotomy, and
refer to it as "Ousterhout's fallacy" or "Ousterhout's false
dichotomy". While strong-versus-weak typing, data structure
complexity, and independent versus stand-alone might be said
to be unrelated features, the usual critique of Ousterhout's
dichotomy is of its distinction of compilation versus
interpretation, since neither semantics nor syntax depend
significantly on whether code is compiled into
machine-language, interpreted, tokenized, or
byte-compiled at the start of each run, or any mixture of
these. Many languages fall between being interpreted or
compiled (e.g. Lisp, Forth, UCSD Pascal, Perl, and
Java). This makes compilation versus interpretation a
dubious parameter in a taxonomy of programming languages.
(2002-05-28)
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visual programming language
(foldoc) | visual programming language
visual language
(VPL) Any programming language that allows the user
to specify a program in a two-(or more)-dimensionsional way.
Conventional textual languages are not considered
two-dimensional since the compiler or interpreter
processes them as one-dimensional streams of characters. A
VPL allows programming with visual expressions - spatial
arrangements of textual and graphical symbols.
VPLs may be further classified, according to the type and
extent of visual expression used, into icon-based languages,
form-based languages and diagram languages. {Visual
programming environments} provide graphical or iconic elements
which can be manipulated by the user in an interactive way
according to some specific spatial grammar for program
construction.
A visually transformed language is a non-visual language with
a superimposed visual representation. Naturally visual
languages have an inherent visual expression for which there
is no obvious textual equivalent.
Visual Basic, Visual C++ and the entire Microsoft Visual
family are not, despite their names, visual programming
languages. They are textual languages which use a graphical
GUI builder to make programming interfaces easier. The user
interface portion of the programming environment is visual,
the languages are not. Because of the confusion caused by the
multiple meanings of the term "visual programming", Fred
Lakin has proposed the term "executable graphics" as an
alternative to VPL.
Some examples of visual programming languages are Prograph,
Pict, Tinkertoy, Fabrik, CODE 2.0 and Hyperpascal.
(http://cogs.susx.ac.uk/users/ianr/vpl.html).
(http://cuiwww.unige.ch/eao/www/readme.html).
Usenet newsgroup: news:comp.lang.visual (NOT for {Visual
Basic} or Visual C++).
(1995-02-10)
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