| slovo | definícia |
abstract
(mass) | abstract
- abstraktný, abstraktný pojem, obsah, výťah, abstrahovať,
oddeliť, odstrániť |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,abstrahovat v: |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,abstraktní adj: |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,abstraktní pojem n: |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,obsah n: |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,oddělit v: |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,odstranit v: |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,odtažitý adj: |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,přehled Zdeněk Brož |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,resumé Zdeněk Brož |
abstract
(encz) | abstract,výtah n: literální |
Abstract
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab"stract`\ (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of
abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw.
See Trace.]
1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
The more abstract . . . we are from the body.
--Norris.
[1913 Webster]
2. Considered apart from any application to a particular
object; separated from matter; existing in the mind only;
as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal;
abstruse; difficult.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Logic)
(a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed
apart from the other properties which constitute it;
-- opposed to concrete; as, honesty is an abstract
word. --J. S. Mill.
(b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction;
general as opposed to particular; as, "reptile" is an
abstract or general name. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
A concrete name is a name which stands for a
thing; an abstract name which stands for an
attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in
more modern times, which, if not introduced by
Locke, has gained currency from his example, of
applying the expression "abstract name" to all
names which are the result of abstraction and
generalization, and consequently to all general
names, instead of confining it to the names of
attributes. --J. S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
4. Abstracted; absent in mind. "Abstract, as in a trance."
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a
complex object, or from other ideas which naturally
accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated
apart from its color or figure.
Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas, as
beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object
in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of
orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a
combination of similar qualities.
Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application
to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as
6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete.
Abstract mathematics or Pure mathematics. See
Mathematics.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstract
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab*stract"\, v. t.
To perform the process of abstraction. [R.]
[1913 Webster]
I own myself able to abstract in one sense. --Berkeley.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstract
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab*stract"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abstracted; p. pr.
& vb. n. Abstracting.] [See Abstract, a.]
[1913 Webster]
1. To withdraw; to separate; to take away.
[1913 Webster]
He was incapable of forming any opinion or
resolution abstracted from his own prejudices. --Sir
W. Scott.
[1913 Webster]
2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention; as, his
was wholly abstracted by other objects.
[1913 Webster]
The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.
--Blackw. Mag.
[1913 Webster]
3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind; to
consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a
quality or attribute. --Whately.
[1913 Webster]
4. To epitomize; to abridge. --Franklin.
[1913 Webster]
5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as, to
abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till.
[1913 Webster]
Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins
from the harness. --W. Black.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Chem.) To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts
of a substance, by distillation or other chemical
processes. In this sense extract is now more generally
used.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstract
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab"stract`\, n. [See Abstract, a.]
1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the
essential qualities of a larger thing or of several
things. Specifically: A summary or an epitome, as of a
treatise or book, or of a statement; a brief.
[1913 Webster]
An abstract of every treatise he had read. --Watts.
[1913 Webster]
Man, the abstract
Of all perfection, which the workmanship
Of Heaven hath modeled. --Ford.
[1913 Webster]
2. A state of separation from other things; as, to consider a
subject in the abstract, or apart from other associated
things.
[1913 Webster]
3. An abstract term.
[1913 Webster]
The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might
have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety." --J.
S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Med.) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance
mixed with lactose in such proportion that one part of the
abstract represents two parts of the original substance.
[1913 Webster + AS]
Abstract of title (Law), a document which provides a
summary of the history of ownership of a parcel of real
estate, including the conveyances and mortgages; also
called brief of title.
[1913 Webster + PJC]
Syn: Abridgment; compendium; epitome; synopsis. See
Abridgment.
[1913 Webster] |
abstract
(wn) | abstract
adj 1: existing only in the mind; separated from embodiment;
"abstract words like `truth' and `justice'" [ant:
concrete]
2: not representing or imitating external reality or the objects
of nature; "a large abstract painting" [syn: abstract,
abstractionist, nonfigurative, nonobjective]
3: dealing with a subject in the abstract without practical
purpose or intention; "abstract reasoning"; "abstract
science"
n 1: a concept or idea not associated with any specific
instance; "he loved her only in the abstract--not in
person" [syn: abstraction, abstract]
2: a sketchy summary of the main points of an argument or theory
[syn: outline, synopsis, abstract, precis]
v 1: consider a concept without thinking of a specific example;
consider abstractly or theoretically
2: make off with belongings of others [syn: pilfer, cabbage,
purloin, pinch, abstract, snarf, swipe, hook,
sneak, filch, nobble, lift]
3: consider apart from a particular case or instance; "Let's
abstract away from this particular example"
4: give an abstract (of) |
abstract
(foldoc) | abstract
A description of a concept that leaves out some
information or details in order to simplify it in some useful
way.
Abstraction is a powerful technique that is applied in many
areas of computing and elsewhere. For example: {abstract
class}, data abstraction, abstract interpretation,
abstract syntax, Hardware Abstraction Layer.
(2009-12-09)
|
| | podobné slovo | definícia |
semiabstraction
(mass) | semi-abstraction
- polo abstraktný |
abstract expressionism
(encz) | abstract expressionism,abstraktní expresionismus umělecký směr mikosoft |
abstract factory
(encz) | abstract factory,abstraktní továrna n:
[it.] http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Návrhový_vzor Ivan Masár |
abstract noun
(encz) | abstract noun,abstraktní podstatné jméno mikosoft |
abstract system
(encz) | abstract system,abstraktní systém [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
abstracted
(encz) | abstracted,nepozorný adj: Zdeněk Brožabstracted,roztržitý adj: Zdeněk Brož |
abstractedly
(encz) | abstractedly,nepozorně adv: Petr Prášekabstractedly,nezávisle lukeabstractedly,roztržitě adv: Petr Prášek |
abstractedly from
(encz) | abstractedly from,nezávisle na luke |
abstractedness
(encz) | abstractedness,roztržitost n: Zdeněk Brož |
abstraction
(encz) | abstraction,abstrakce n: |
abstractions
(encz) | abstractions,abstrakce n: pl. Zdeněk Brož |
abstractive
(encz) | abstractive,abstrakční adj: Zdeněk Brož |
abstractive use
(encz) | abstractive use,abstraktivní využití (vody) [eko.] RNDr. Pavel Piskač |
abstractly
(encz) | abstractly,abstraktně adv: Zdeněk Brož |
abstractor
(encz) | abstractor,dokumentátor Pavel Cvrček |
abstracts
(encz) | abstracts,abstrakce pl. Zdeněk Brož |
non-abstractive use
(encz) | non-abstractive use,neabstraktivní využití (vody) [eko.] RNDr. Pavel
Piskač |
semi-abstraction
(encz) | semi-abstraction, n: |
semiabstract
(encz) | semiabstract, adj: |
Abstract
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab"stract`\ (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of
abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw.
See Trace.]
1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
The more abstract . . . we are from the body.
--Norris.
[1913 Webster]
2. Considered apart from any application to a particular
object; separated from matter; existing in the mind only;
as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal;
abstruse; difficult.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Logic)
(a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed
apart from the other properties which constitute it;
-- opposed to concrete; as, honesty is an abstract
word. --J. S. Mill.
(b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction;
general as opposed to particular; as, "reptile" is an
abstract or general name. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
A concrete name is a name which stands for a
thing; an abstract name which stands for an
attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in
more modern times, which, if not introduced by
Locke, has gained currency from his example, of
applying the expression "abstract name" to all
names which are the result of abstraction and
generalization, and consequently to all general
names, instead of confining it to the names of
attributes. --J. S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
4. Abstracted; absent in mind. "Abstract, as in a trance."
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a
complex object, or from other ideas which naturally
accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated
apart from its color or figure.
Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas, as
beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object
in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of
orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a
combination of similar qualities.
Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application
to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as
6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete.
Abstract mathematics or Pure mathematics. See
Mathematics.
[1913 Webster]Abstract \Ab*stract"\, v. t.
To perform the process of abstraction. [R.]
[1913 Webster]
I own myself able to abstract in one sense. --Berkeley.
[1913 Webster]Abstract \Ab*stract"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abstracted; p. pr.
& vb. n. Abstracting.] [See Abstract, a.]
[1913 Webster]
1. To withdraw; to separate; to take away.
[1913 Webster]
He was incapable of forming any opinion or
resolution abstracted from his own prejudices. --Sir
W. Scott.
[1913 Webster]
2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention; as, his
was wholly abstracted by other objects.
[1913 Webster]
The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.
--Blackw. Mag.
[1913 Webster]
3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind; to
consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a
quality or attribute. --Whately.
[1913 Webster]
4. To epitomize; to abridge. --Franklin.
[1913 Webster]
5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as, to
abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till.
[1913 Webster]
Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins
from the harness. --W. Black.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Chem.) To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts
of a substance, by distillation or other chemical
processes. In this sense extract is now more generally
used.
[1913 Webster]Abstract \Ab"stract`\, n. [See Abstract, a.]
1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the
essential qualities of a larger thing or of several
things. Specifically: A summary or an epitome, as of a
treatise or book, or of a statement; a brief.
[1913 Webster]
An abstract of every treatise he had read. --Watts.
[1913 Webster]
Man, the abstract
Of all perfection, which the workmanship
Of Heaven hath modeled. --Ford.
[1913 Webster]
2. A state of separation from other things; as, to consider a
subject in the abstract, or apart from other associated
things.
[1913 Webster]
3. An abstract term.
[1913 Webster]
The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might
have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety." --J.
S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Med.) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance
mixed with lactose in such proportion that one part of the
abstract represents two parts of the original substance.
[1913 Webster + AS]
Abstract of title (Law), a document which provides a
summary of the history of ownership of a parcel of real
estate, including the conveyances and mortgages; also
called brief of title.
[1913 Webster + PJC]
Syn: Abridgment; compendium; epitome; synopsis. See
Abridgment.
[1913 Webster] |
abstract abstractionist nonfigurative nonobjective
(gcide) | nonrepresentational \nonrepresentational\ adj. (Art)
not intended to realistically represent a physical object; --
of visual art work. Opposite of representational. [Narrower
terms: {abstract, abstractionist, nonfigurative, nonobjective
; {conventional, formal, schematic ; {geometric, geometrical
; protogeometric ; {semiabstract ] Also See: {abstract.
Syn: nonobjective.
[WordNet 1.5] |
Abstract idea
(gcide) | Idea \I*de"a\, n.; pl. Ideas. [L. idea, Gr. ?, fr. ? to see;
akin to E. wit: cf. F. id['e]e. See Wit.]
1. The transcript, image, or picture of a visible object,
that is formed by the mind; also, a similar image of any
object whatever, whether sensible or spiritual.
[1913 Webster]
Her sweet idea wandered through his thoughts.
--Fairfax.
[1913 Webster]
Being the right idea of your father
Both in your form and nobleness of mind. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
This representation or likeness of the object being
transmitted from thence [the senses] to the
imagination, and lodged there for the view and
observation of the pure intellect, is aptly and
properly called its idea. --P. Browne.
[1913 Webster]
2. A general notion, or a conception formed by
generalization.
[1913 Webster]
Alice had not the slightest idea what latitude was.
--L. Caroll.
[1913 Webster]
3. Hence: Any object apprehended, conceived, or thought of,
by the mind; a notion, conception, or thought; the real
object that is conceived or thought of.
[1913 Webster]
Whatsoever the mind perceives in itself, or as the
immediate object of perception, thought, or
undersanding, that I call idea. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
4. A belief, option, or doctrine; a characteristic or
controlling principle; as, an essential idea; the idea of
development.
[1913 Webster]
That fellow seems to me to possess but one idea, and
that is a wrong one. --Johnson.
[1913 Webster]
What is now "idea" for us? How infinite the fall of
this word, since the time where Milton sang of the
Creator contemplating his newly-created world,
"how it showed . . .
Answering his great idea,"
to its present use, when this person "has an idea
that the train has started," and the other "had no
idea that the dinner would be so bad!" --Trench.
[1913 Webster]
5. A plan or purpose of action; intention; design.
[1913 Webster]
I shortly afterwards set off for that capital, with
an idea of undertaking while there the translation
of the work. --W. Irving.
[1913 Webster]
6. A rational conception; the complete conception of an
object when thought of in all its essential elements or
constituents; the necessary metaphysical or constituent
attributes and relations, when conceived in the abstract.
[1913 Webster]
7. A fiction object or picture created by the imagination;
the same when proposed as a pattern to be copied, or a
standard to be reached; one of the archetypes or patterns
of created things, conceived by the Platonists to have
excited objectively from eternity in the mind of the
Deity.
[1913 Webster]
Thence to behold this new-created world,
The addition of his empire, how it showed
In prospect from his throne, how good, how fair,
Answering his great idea. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
Note: "In England, Locke may be said to have been the first
who naturalized the term in its Cartesian universality.
When, in common language, employed by Milton and
Dryden, after Descartes, as before him by Sidney,
Spenser, Shakespeare, Hooker, etc., the meaning is
Platonic." --Sir W. Hamilton.
[1913 Webster]
Abstract idea, Association of ideas, etc. See under
Abstract, Association, etc.
Syn: Notion; conception; thought; sentiment; fancy; image;
perception; impression; opinion; belief; observation;
judgment; consideration; view; design; intention;
purpose; plan; model; pattern.
Usage: There is scarcely any other word which is subjected to
such abusive treatment as is the word idea, in the
very general and indiscriminative way in which it is
employed, as it is used variously to signify almost
any act, state, or content of thought.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstract mathematics
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab"stract`\ (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of
abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw.
See Trace.]
1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
The more abstract . . . we are from the body.
--Norris.
[1913 Webster]
2. Considered apart from any application to a particular
object; separated from matter; existing in the mind only;
as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal;
abstruse; difficult.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Logic)
(a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed
apart from the other properties which constitute it;
-- opposed to concrete; as, honesty is an abstract
word. --J. S. Mill.
(b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction;
general as opposed to particular; as, "reptile" is an
abstract or general name. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
A concrete name is a name which stands for a
thing; an abstract name which stands for an
attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in
more modern times, which, if not introduced by
Locke, has gained currency from his example, of
applying the expression "abstract name" to all
names which are the result of abstraction and
generalization, and consequently to all general
names, instead of confining it to the names of
attributes. --J. S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
4. Abstracted; absent in mind. "Abstract, as in a trance."
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a
complex object, or from other ideas which naturally
accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated
apart from its color or figure.
Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas, as
beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object
in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of
orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a
combination of similar qualities.
Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application
to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as
6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete.
Abstract mathematics or Pure mathematics. See
Mathematics.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstract number
(gcide) | Number \Num"ber\ (n[u^]m"b[~e]r), n. [OE. nombre, F. nombre, L.
numerus; akin to Gr. no`mos that which is dealt out, fr.
ne`mein to deal out, distribute. See Numb, Nomad, and cf.
Numerate, Numero, Numerous.]
1. That which admits of being counted or reckoned; a unit, or
an aggregate of units; a numerable aggregate or collection
of individuals; an assemblage made up of distinct things
expressible by figures.
[1913 Webster]
2. A collection of many individuals; a numerous assemblage; a
multitude; many.
[1913 Webster]
Ladies are always of great use to the party they
espouse, and never fail to win over numbers.
--Addison.
[1913 Webster]
3. A numeral; a word or character denoting a number; as, to
put a number on a door.
[1913 Webster]
4. Numerousness; multitude.
[1913 Webster]
Number itself importeth not much in armies where the
people are of weak courage. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
5. The state or quality of being numerable or countable.
[1913 Webster]
Of whom came nations, tribes, people, and kindreds
out of number. --2 Esdras
iii. 7.
[1913 Webster]
6. Quantity, regarded as made up of an aggregate of separate
things.
[1913 Webster]
7. That which is regulated by count; poetic measure, as
divisions of time or number of syllables; hence, poetry,
verse; -- chiefly used in the plural.
[1913 Webster]
I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came. --Pope.
[1913 Webster]
8. (Gram.) The distinction of objects, as one, or more than
one (in some languages, as one, or two, or more than two),
expressed (usually) by a difference in the form of a word;
thus, the singular number and the plural number are the
names of the forms of a word indicating the objects
denoted or referred to by the word as one, or as more than
one.
[1913 Webster]
9. (Math.) The measure of the relation between quantities or
things of the same kind; that abstract species of quantity
which is capable of being expressed by figures; numerical
value.
[1913 Webster]
Abstract number, Abundant number, Cardinal number, etc.
See under Abstract, Abundant, etc.
In numbers, in numbered parts; as, a book published in
numbers.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstract numbers
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab"stract`\ (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of
abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw.
See Trace.]
1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
The more abstract . . . we are from the body.
--Norris.
[1913 Webster]
2. Considered apart from any application to a particular
object; separated from matter; existing in the mind only;
as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal;
abstruse; difficult.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Logic)
(a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed
apart from the other properties which constitute it;
-- opposed to concrete; as, honesty is an abstract
word. --J. S. Mill.
(b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction;
general as opposed to particular; as, "reptile" is an
abstract or general name. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
A concrete name is a name which stands for a
thing; an abstract name which stands for an
attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in
more modern times, which, if not introduced by
Locke, has gained currency from his example, of
applying the expression "abstract name" to all
names which are the result of abstraction and
generalization, and consequently to all general
names, instead of confining it to the names of
attributes. --J. S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
4. Abstracted; absent in mind. "Abstract, as in a trance."
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a
complex object, or from other ideas which naturally
accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated
apart from its color or figure.
Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas, as
beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object
in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of
orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a
combination of similar qualities.
Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application
to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as
6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete.
Abstract mathematics or Pure mathematics. See
Mathematics.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstract of title
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab"stract`\, n. [See Abstract, a.]
1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the
essential qualities of a larger thing or of several
things. Specifically: A summary or an epitome, as of a
treatise or book, or of a statement; a brief.
[1913 Webster]
An abstract of every treatise he had read. --Watts.
[1913 Webster]
Man, the abstract
Of all perfection, which the workmanship
Of Heaven hath modeled. --Ford.
[1913 Webster]
2. A state of separation from other things; as, to consider a
subject in the abstract, or apart from other associated
things.
[1913 Webster]
3. An abstract term.
[1913 Webster]
The concretes "father" and "son" have, or might
have, the abstracts "paternity" and "filiety." --J.
S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Med.) A powdered solid extract of a vegetable substance
mixed with lactose in such proportion that one part of the
abstract represents two parts of the original substance.
[1913 Webster + AS]
Abstract of title (Law), a document which provides a
summary of the history of ownership of a parcel of real
estate, including the conveyances and mortgages; also
called brief of title.
[1913 Webster + PJC]
Syn: Abridgment; compendium; epitome; synopsis. See
Abridgment.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstract terms
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab"stract`\ (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of
abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw.
See Trace.]
1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
The more abstract . . . we are from the body.
--Norris.
[1913 Webster]
2. Considered apart from any application to a particular
object; separated from matter; existing in the mind only;
as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal;
abstruse; difficult.
[1913 Webster]
3. (Logic)
(a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed
apart from the other properties which constitute it;
-- opposed to concrete; as, honesty is an abstract
word. --J. S. Mill.
(b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction;
general as opposed to particular; as, "reptile" is an
abstract or general name. --Locke.
[1913 Webster]
A concrete name is a name which stands for a
thing; an abstract name which stands for an
attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in
more modern times, which, if not introduced by
Locke, has gained currency from his example, of
applying the expression "abstract name" to all
names which are the result of abstraction and
generalization, and consequently to all general
names, instead of confining it to the names of
attributes. --J. S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
4. Abstracted; absent in mind. "Abstract, as in a trance."
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a
complex object, or from other ideas which naturally
accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated
apart from its color or figure.
Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas, as
beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object
in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of
orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a
combination of similar qualities.
Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application
to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as
6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete.
Abstract mathematics or Pure mathematics. See
Mathematics.
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Abstract unit
(gcide) | Unit \U"nit\, n. [Abbrev. from unity.]
1. A single thing or person.
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2. (Arith.) The least whole number; one.
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Units are the integral parts of any large number.
--I. Watts.
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3. A gold coin of the reign of James I., of the value of
twenty shillings. --Camden.
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4. Any determinate amount or quantity (as of length, time,
heat, value) adopted as a standard of measurement for
other amounts or quantities of the same kind.
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5. (Math.) A single thing, as a magnitude or number, regarded
as an undivided whole.
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Abstract unit, the unit of numeration; one taken in the
abstract; the number represented by 1. The term is used in
distinction from concrete, or determinate, unit, that is,
a unit in which the kind of thing is expressed; a unit of
measure or value; as 1 foot, 1 dollar, 1 pound, and the
like.
Complex unit (Theory of Numbers), an imaginary number of
the form a + broot-1, when a^2 + b^2 = 1.
Duodecimal unit, a unit in the scale of numbers increasing
or decreasing by twelves.
Fractional unit, the unit of a fraction; the reciprocal of
the denominator; thus, 1/4 is the unit of the fraction
3/4.
Integral unit, the unit of integral numbers, or 1.
Physical unit, a value or magnitude conventionally adopted
as a unit or standard in physical measurements. The
various physical units are usually based on given units of
length, mass, and time, and on the density or other
properties of some substance, for example, water. See
Dyne, Erg, Farad, Ohm, Poundal, etc.
Unit deme (Biol.), a unit of the inferior order or orders
of individuality.
Unit jar (Elec.), a small, insulated Leyden jar, placed
between the electrical machine and a larger jar or
battery, so as to announce, by its repeated discharges,
the amount of electricity passed into the larger jar.
Unit of heat (Physics), a determinate quantity of heat
adopted as a unit of measure; a thermal unit (see under
Thermal). Water is the substance generally employed, the
unit being one gram or one pound, and the temperature
interval one degree of the Centigrade or Fahrenheit scale.
When referred to the gram, it is called the gram degree.
The British unit of heat, or thermal unit, used by
engineers in England and in the United States, is the
quantity of heat necessary to raise one pound of pure
water at and near its temperature of greatest density
(39.1[deg] Fahr.) through one degree of the Fahrenheit
scale. --Rankine.
Unit of illumination, the light of a sperm candle burning
120 grains per hour. Standard gas, burning at the rate of
five cubic feet per hour, must have an illuminating power
equal to that of fourteen such candles.
Unit of measure (as of length, surface, volume, dry
measure, liquid measure, money, weight, time, and the
like), in general, a determinate quantity or magnitude of
the kind designated, taken as a standard of comparison for
others of the same kind, in assigning to them numerical
values, as 1 foot, 1 yard, 1 mile, 1 square foot, 1 square
yard, 1 cubic foot, 1 peck, 1 bushel, 1 gallon, 1 cent, 1
ounce, 1 pound, 1 hour, and the like; more specifically,
the fundamental unit adopted in any system of weights,
measures, or money, by which its several denominations are
regulated, and which is itself defined by comparison with
some known magnitude, either natural or empirical, as, in
the United States, the dollar for money, the pound
avoirdupois for weight, the yard for length, the gallon of
8.3389 pounds avoirdupois of water at 39.8[deg] Fahr.
(about 231 cubic inches) for liquid measure, etc.; in
Great Britain, the pound sterling, the pound troy, the
yard, or 1/108719 part of the length of a second's
pendulum at London, the gallon of 277.274 cubic inches,
etc.; in the metric system, the meter, the liter, the
gram, etc.
Unit of power. (Mach.) See Horse power.
Unit of resistance. (Elec.) See Resistance, n., 4, and
Ohm.
Unit of work (Physics), the amount of work done by a unit
force acting through a unit distance, or the amount
required to lift a unit weight through a unit distance
against gravitation. See Erg, Foot Pound,
Kilogrammeter.
Unit stress (Mech. Physics), stress per unit of area;
intensity of stress. It is expressed in ounces, pounds,
tons, etc., per square inch, square foot, or square yard,
etc., or in atmospheres, or inches of mercury or water, or
the like.
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Abstracted
(gcide) | Abstracted \Ab*stract"ed\, a.
1. Separated or disconnected; withdrawn; removed; apart.
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The evil abstracted stood from his own evil.
--Milton.
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2. Separated from matter; abstract; ideal. [Obs.]
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3. Abstract; abstruse; difficult. [Obs.] --Johnson.
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4. Inattentive to surrounding objects; absent in mind. "An
abstracted scholar." --Johnson.
[1913 Webster]Abstract \Ab*stract"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abstracted; p. pr.
& vb. n. Abstracting.] [See Abstract, a.]
[1913 Webster]
1. To withdraw; to separate; to take away.
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He was incapable of forming any opinion or
resolution abstracted from his own prejudices. --Sir
W. Scott.
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2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention; as, his
was wholly abstracted by other objects.
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The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.
--Blackw. Mag.
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3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind; to
consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a
quality or attribute. --Whately.
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4. To epitomize; to abridge. --Franklin.
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5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as, to
abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till.
[1913 Webster]
Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins
from the harness. --W. Black.
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6. (Chem.) To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts
of a substance, by distillation or other chemical
processes. In this sense extract is now more generally
used.
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Abstractedly
(gcide) | Abstractedly \Ab*stract"ed*ly\, adv.
In an abstracted manner; separately; with absence of mind.
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Abstractedness
(gcide) | Abstractedness \Ab*stract"ed*ness\, n.
The state of being abstracted; abstract character.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstracter
(gcide) | Abstracter \Ab*stract"er\, n.
One who abstracts, or makes an abstract.
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Abstracting
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab*stract"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Abstracted; p. pr.
& vb. n. Abstracting.] [See Abstract, a.]
[1913 Webster]
1. To withdraw; to separate; to take away.
[1913 Webster]
He was incapable of forming any opinion or
resolution abstracted from his own prejudices. --Sir
W. Scott.
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2. To draw off in respect to interest or attention; as, his
was wholly abstracted by other objects.
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The young stranger had been abstracted and silent.
--Blackw. Mag.
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3. To separate, as ideas, by the operation of the mind; to
consider by itself; to contemplate separately, as a
quality or attribute. --Whately.
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4. To epitomize; to abridge. --Franklin.
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5. To take secretly or dishonestly; to purloin; as, to
abstract goods from a parcel, or money from a till.
[1913 Webster]
Von Rosen had quietly abstracted the bearing-reins
from the harness. --W. Black.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Chem.) To separate, as the more volatile or soluble parts
of a substance, by distillation or other chemical
processes. In this sense extract is now more generally
used.
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Abstraction
(gcide) | Abstraction \Ab*strac"tion\, n. [Cf. F. abstraction. See
Abstract, a.]
1. The act of abstracting, separating, or withdrawing, or the
state of being withdrawn; withdrawal.
[1913 Webster]
A wrongful abstraction of wealth from certain
members of the community. --J. S. Mill.
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2. (Metaph.) The act process of leaving out of consideration
one or more properties of a complex object so as to attend
to others; analysis. Thus, when the mind considers the
form of a tree by itself, or the color of the leaves as
separate from their size or figure, the act is called
abstraction. So, also, when it considers whiteness,
softness, virtue, existence, as separate from any
particular objects.
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Note: Abstraction is necessary to classification, by which
things are arranged in genera and species. We separate
in idea the qualities of certain objects, which are of
the same kind, from others which are different, in
each, and arrange the objects having the same
properties in a class, or collected body.
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Abstraction is no positive act: it is simply the
negative of attention. --Sir W.
Hamilton.
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3. An idea or notion of an abstract, or theoretical nature;
as, to fight for mere abstractions.
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4. A separation from worldly objects; a recluse life; as, a
hermit's abstraction.
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5. Absence or absorption of mind; inattention to present
objects.
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6. The taking surreptitiously for one's own use part of the
property of another; purloining. [Modern]
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7. (Chem.) A separation of volatile parts by the act of
distillation. --Nicholson.
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Abstractional
(gcide) | Abstractional \Ab*strac"tion*al\, a.
Pertaining to abstraction.
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Abstractionist
(gcide) | Abstractionist \Ab*strac"tion*ist\, n.
An idealist. --Emerson.
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Abstractitious
(gcide) | Abstractitious \Ab`strac*ti"tious\, a.
Obtained from plants by distillation. [Obs.] --Crabb.
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Abstractive
(gcide) | Abstractive \Ab*strac"tive\, a. [Cf. F. abstractif.]
Having the power of abstracting; of an abstracting nature.
"The abstractive faculty." --I. Taylor.
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Abstractively
(gcide) | Abstractively \Ab*strac"tive*ly\, adv.
In a abstract manner; separately; in or by itself. --Feltham.
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Abstractiveness
(gcide) | Abstractiveness \Ab*strac"tive*ness\, n.
The quality of being abstractive; abstractive property.
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Abstractly
(gcide) | Abstractly \Ab"stract`ly\ (#; 277), adv.
In an abstract state or manner; separately; absolutely; by
itself; as, matter abstractly considered.
[1913 Webster] |
Abstractness
(gcide) | Abstractness \Ab"stract`ness\, n.
The quality of being abstract. "The abstractness of the
ideas." --Locke.
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An abstract idea
(gcide) | Abstract \Ab"stract`\ (#; 277), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of
abstrahere to draw from, separate; ab, abs + trahere to draw.
See Trace.]
1. Withdraw; separate. [Obs.]
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The more abstract . . . we are from the body.
--Norris.
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2. Considered apart from any application to a particular
object; separated from matter; existing in the mind only;
as, abstract truth, abstract numbers. Hence: ideal;
abstruse; difficult.
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3. (Logic)
(a) Expressing a particular property of an object viewed
apart from the other properties which constitute it;
-- opposed to concrete; as, honesty is an abstract
word. --J. S. Mill.
(b) Resulting from the mental faculty of abstraction;
general as opposed to particular; as, "reptile" is an
abstract or general name. --Locke.
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A concrete name is a name which stands for a
thing; an abstract name which stands for an
attribute of a thing. A practice has grown up in
more modern times, which, if not introduced by
Locke, has gained currency from his example, of
applying the expression "abstract name" to all
names which are the result of abstraction and
generalization, and consequently to all general
names, instead of confining it to the names of
attributes. --J. S. Mill.
[1913 Webster]
4. Abstracted; absent in mind. "Abstract, as in a trance."
--Milton.
[1913 Webster]
An abstract idea (Metaph.), an idea separated from a
complex object, or from other ideas which naturally
accompany it; as the solidity of marble when contemplated
apart from its color or figure.
Abstract terms, those which express abstract ideas, as
beauty, whiteness, roundness, without regarding any object
in which they exist; or abstract terms are the names of
orders, genera or species of things, in which there is a
combination of similar qualities.
Abstract numbers (Math.), numbers used without application
to things, as 6, 8, 10; but when applied to any thing, as
6 feet, 10 men, they become concrete.
Abstract mathematics or Pure mathematics. See
Mathematics.
[1913 Webster] |
Inabstracted
(gcide) | Inabstracted \In`ab*stract"ed\, a.
Not abstracted.
[1913 Webster] |
semiabstract
(gcide) | nonrepresentational \nonrepresentational\ adj. (Art)
not intended to realistically represent a physical object; --
of visual art work. Opposite of representational. [Narrower
terms: {abstract, abstractionist, nonfigurative, nonobjective
; {conventional, formal, schematic ; {geometric, geometrical
; protogeometric ; {semiabstract ] Also See: {abstract.
Syn: nonobjective.
[WordNet 1.5] |
abstract art
(wn) | abstract art
n 1: an abstract genre of art; artistic content depends on
internal form rather than pictorial representation [syn:
abstractionism, abstract art] |
abstract artist
(wn) | abstract artist
n 1: a painter of abstract pictures [syn: abstractionist,
abstract artist] |
abstract entity
(wn) | abstract entity
n 1: a general concept formed by extracting common features from
specific examples [syn: abstraction, abstract entity] |
abstract expressionism
(wn) | Abstract Expressionism
n 1: a New York school of painting characterized by freely
created abstractions; the first important school of
American painting to develop independently of European
styles [syn: Abstract Expressionism, action painting] |
abstract thought
(wn) | abstract thought
n 1: thinking that is coherent and logical [syn: reasoning,
logical thinking, abstract thought] |
abstracted
(wn) | abstracted
adj 1: lost in thought; showing preoccupation; "an absent
stare"; "an absentminded professor"; "the scatty glancing
quality of a hyperactive but unfocused intelligence"
[syn: absent, absentminded, abstracted, scatty] |
abstractedly
(wn) | abstractedly
adv 1: in an absentminded or preoccupied manner; "he read the
letter absently" [syn: absently, abstractedly,
inattentively, absentmindedly] |
abstractedness
(wn) | abstractedness
n 1: preoccupation with something to the exclusion of all else
[syn: abstractedness, abstraction] |
abstracter
(wn) | abstracter
n 1: one who makes abstracts or summarizes information [syn:
abstractor, abstracter] |
abstraction
(wn) | abstraction
n 1: a concept or idea not associated with any specific
instance; "he loved her only in the abstract--not in
person" [syn: abstraction, abstract]
2: the act of withdrawing or removing something
3: the process of formulating general concepts by abstracting
common properties of instances [syn: abstraction,
generalization, generalisation]
4: an abstract painting
5: preoccupation with something to the exclusion of all else
[syn: abstractedness, abstraction]
6: a general concept formed by extracting common features from
specific examples [syn: abstraction, abstract entity] |
abstractionism
(wn) | abstractionism
n 1: an abstract genre of art; artistic content depends on
internal form rather than pictorial representation [syn:
abstractionism, abstract art]
2: a representation having no reference to concrete objects or
specific examples [syn: abstractionism, unrealism] |
abstractionist
(wn) | abstractionist
adj 1: not representing or imitating external reality or the
objects of nature; "a large abstract painting" [syn:
abstract, abstractionist, nonfigurative,
nonobjective]
n 1: a painter of abstract pictures [syn: abstractionist,
abstract artist] |
abstractive
(wn) | abstractive
adj 1: of an abstracting nature or having the power of
abstracting; "abstractive analysis" |
abstractly
(wn) | abstractly
adv 1: in abstract terms [ant: concretely] |
abstractness
(wn) | abstractness
n 1: the quality of being considered apart from a specific
instance or object [ant: concreteness] |
abstractor
(wn) | abstractor
n 1: one who makes abstracts or summarizes information [syn:
abstractor, abstracter] |
semi-abstraction
(wn) | semi-abstraction
n 1: a semiabstract painting |
semiabstract
(wn) | semiabstract
adj 1: characterized by stylized but recognizable subject matter |
abstract class
(foldoc) | abstract class
In object-oriented programming, a class
designed only as a parent from which sub-classes may be
derived, but which is not itself suitable for instantiation.
Often used to "abstract out" incomplete sets of features which
may then be shared by a group of sibling sub-classes which add
different variations of the missing pieces.
(1994-11-08)
|
abstract data type
(foldoc) | abstract data type
ADT
(ADT) A kind of data abstraction where a
type's internal form is hidden behind a set of {access
functions}. Values of the type are created and inspected only
by calls to the access functions. This allows the
implementation of the type to be changed without requiring any
changes outside the module in which it is defined.
Objects and ADTs are both forms of data abstraction, but
objects are not ADTs. Objects use procedural abstraction
(methods), not type abstraction.
A classic example of an ADT is a stack data type for which
functions might be provided to create an empty stack, to
push values onto a stack and to pop values from a stack.
{Reynolds paper
(http://cis.upenn.edu/~gunter/publications/documents/taoop94.html)}.
{Cook paper "OOP vs ADTs"
(http://wcook.org/papers/OOPvsADT/CookOOPvsADT90.pdf)}.
(2003-07-03)
|
abstract interpretation
(foldoc) | abstract interpretation
A partial execution of a program which gains
information about its semantics (e.g. control structure,
flow of information) without performing all the calculations.
Abstract interpretation is typically used by compilers to
analyse programs in order to decide whether certain
optimisations or transformations are applicable.
The objects manipulated by the program (typically values and
functions) are represented by points in some domain. Each
abstract domain point represents some set of real
("concrete") values.
For example, we may take the abstract points "+", "0" and "-"
to represent positive, zero and negative numbers and then
define an abstract version of the multiplication operator, *#,
which operates on abstract values:
*# | + 0 -
---|------
+ | + 0 -
0 | 0 0 0
- | - 0 +
An interpretation is "safe" if the result of the abstract
operation is a safe approximation to the abstraction of the
concrete result. The meaning of "a safe approximation"
depends on how we are using the results of the analysis.
If, in our example, we assume that smaller values are safer
then the "safety condition" for our interpretation (#) is
a# *# b# |
abstract machine
(foldoc) | abstract machine
1. A processor design which is not intended to be
implemented as hardware, but which is the notional executor
of a particular intermediate language (abstract machine
language) used in a compiler or interpreter. An abstract
machine has an instruction set, a register set and a model
of memory. It may provide instructions which are closer to
the language being compiled than any physical computer or it
may be used to make the language implementation easier to
port to other platforms.
A virtual machine is an abstract machine for which an
interpreter exists.
Examples: ABC, Abstract Machine Notation, ALF, CAML,
F-code, FP/M, Hermes, LOWL,
Christmas, SDL, S-K reduction machine, SECD, Tbl,
Tcode, TL0, WAM.
2. A procedure for executing a set of instructions in
some formal language, possibly also taking in input data and
producing output. Such abstract machines are not intended to
be constructed as hardware but are used in thought
experiments about computability.
Examples: Finite State Machine, Turing Machine.
(1995-03-13)
|
abstract machine notation
(foldoc) | Abstract Machine Notation
(AMN) A language for specifying abstract machines
in the B-Method, based on the mathematical theory of
Generalised Substitutions.
(1995-03-13)
|
abstract syntax
(foldoc) | abstract syntax
A form of representation of data that is
independent of machine-oriented structures and encodings and
also of the physical representation of the data. Abstract
syntax is used to give a high-level description of programs
being compiled or messages passing over a communications link.
A compiler's internal representation of a program will
typically be an abstract syntax tree. The abstract syntax
specifies the tree's structure is specified in terms of
categories such as "statement", "expression" and
"identifier". This is independent of the source syntax
(concrete syntax) of the language being compiled (though it
will often be very similar).
A parse tree is similar to an abstract syntax tree but it
will typically also contain features such as parentheses which
are syntactically significant but which are implicit in the
structure of the abstract syntax tree.
(1998-05-26)
|
abstract syntax notation 1
(foldoc) | Abstract Syntax Notation 1
ASN.1
X.208
(ASN.1, X.208, X.680) An
ISO/ITU-T standard for transmitting structured data on
networks, originally defined in 1984 as part of {CCITT
X.409} '84. ASN.1 moved to its own standard, X.208, in 1988
due to wide applicability. The substantially revised 1995
version is covered by the X.680 series.
ASN.1 defines the abstract syntax of information but does
not restrict the way the information is encoded. Various
ASN.1 encoding rules provide the transfer syntax (a
concrete representation) of the data values whose {abstract
syntax} is described in ASN.1. The standard ASN.1 encoding
rules include BER (Basic Encoding Rules - X.209), CER
(Canonical Encoding Rules), DER (Distinguished Encoding
Rules) and PER (Packed Encoding Rules).
ASN.1 together with specific ASN.1 encoding rules facilitates
the exchange of structured data especially between
application programs over networks by describing data
structures in a way that is independent of machine
architecture and implementation language.
OSI Application layer protocols such as X.400 MHS
electronic mail, X.500 directory services and SNMP use
ASN.1 to describe the PDUs they exchange.
Documents describing the ASN.1 notations: ITU-T Rec. X.680,
ISO 8824-1; ITU-T Rec. X.681, ISO 8824-2; ITU-T
Rec. X.682, ISO 8824-3; ITU-T Rec. X.683, ISO 8824-4
Documents describing the ASN.1 encoding rules: ITU-T
Rec. X.690, ISO 8825-1; ITU-T Rec. X.691, ISO 8825-2.
[M. Sample et al, "Implementing Efficient Encoders and
Decoders for Network Data Representations", IEEE Infocom 93
Proc, v.3, pp. 1143-1153, Mar 1993. Available from Logica,
UK].
See also snacc.
(2005-07-03)
|
abstract syntax tree
(foldoc) | abstract syntax tree
(AST) A data structure representing something which
has been parsed, often used as a compiler or
interpreter's internal representation of a program while it
is being optimised and from which code generation is
performed. The range of all possible such structures is
described by the abstract syntax.
(1994-11-08)
|
abstract window toolkit
(foldoc) | Abstract Window Toolkit
Abstract Windowing Toolkit
AWT
(AWT) Java's platform-independent windowing,
graphics, and user-interface toolkit. The AWT is part of
the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) - the standard API for
providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for a Java
program.
Compare: SWING.
["Java in a Nutshell", O'Reilly].
(http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/awt/).
(2000-07-26)
|
abstract windowing toolkit
(foldoc) | Abstract Window Toolkit
Abstract Windowing Toolkit
AWT
(AWT) Java's platform-independent windowing,
graphics, and user-interface toolkit. The AWT is part of
the Java Foundation Classes (JFC) - the standard API for
providing a graphical user interface (GUI) for a Java
program.
Compare: SWING.
["Java in a Nutshell", O'Reilly].
(http://java.sun.com/products/jdk/awt/).
(2000-07-26)
|
abstract-type and scheme-definition language
(foldoc) | Abstract-Type and Scheme-Definition Language
ASDL
(ASDL) A language developed as part of Esprit
project GRASPIN, as a basis for generating {language-based
editors} and environments. It combines an object-oriented
type system, syntax-directed translation schemes and a
target-language interface.
["ASDL - An Object-Oriented Specification Language for
Syntax-Directed Environments", M.L. Christ-Neumann et al,
European Software Eng Conf, Strasbourg, Sept 1987, pp.77-85].
(1996-02-19)
|
|