| slovo | definícia |
Hemi-
(gcide) | Hemi- \Hem"i-\ [Gr. "hmi-. See Semi-.]
A prefix signifying half.
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| | podobné slovo | definícia |
bohemia
(mass) | Bohemia
- Čechy |
bohemian
(mass) | Bohemian
- český |
chemical
(mass) | chemical
- chemický, chemikália, chémia |
chemist
(mass) | chemist
- chemik, lekárnik |
chemists
(mass) | chemist's
- drogéria |
runofthemill
(mass) | run-of-the-mill
- priemerný, radový |
runofthemine
(mass) | run-of-the-mine
- bežný, obvyklý |
Actino-chemistry
(gcide) | Actino-chemistry \Ac`ti*no-chem"is*try\, n.
Chemistry in its relations to actinism. --Draper.
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Alchemic
(gcide) | Alchemic \Al*chem"ic\, Alchemical \Al*chem"ic*al\, a. [Cf. F.
alchimique.]
Of or relating to alchemy.
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Alchemical
(gcide) | Alchemic \Al*chem"ic\, Alchemical \Al*chem"ic*al\, a. [Cf. F.
alchimique.]
Of or relating to alchemy.
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Alchemically
(gcide) | Alchemically \Al*chem"ic*al*ly\, adv.
In the manner of alchemy.
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Alchemilla arvensis
(gcide) | Parsley \Pars"ley\ (p[aum]rs"l[y^]), n. [OE. persely, persil, F.
persil, L. petroselinum rock parsley, Gr. petrose`linon;
pe`tros stone + se`linon parsley. Cf. Celery.] (Bot.)
An aromatic umbelliferous herb (Carum Petroselinum), having
finely divided leaves which are used in cookery and as a
garnish.
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As she went to the garden for parsley, to stuff a
rabbit. --Shak.
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Fool's parsley. See under Fool.
Hedge parsley, Milk parsley, Stone parsley, names given
to various weeds of similar appearance to the parsley.
Parsley fern (Bot.), a small fern with leaves resembling
parsley (Cryptogramme crispa).
Parsley piert (Bot.), a small herb (Alchemilla arvensis)
formerly used as a remedy for calculus.
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Alchemilla vulgaris
(gcide) | Lady's mantle \La"dy's man"tle\ (l[=a]"d[i^]z m[a^]n"t'l).
(Bot.)
A genus of rosaceous herbs (Alchemilla), esp. the European
Alchemilla vulgaris, which has leaves with rounded and
finely serrated lobes.
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Alchemist
(gcide) | Alchemist \Al"che*mist\, n. [Cf. OF. alquemiste, F. alchimiste.]
One who practices alchemy.
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You are alchemist; make gold. --Shak.
[1913 Webster] Alchemistic |
Alchemistic
(gcide) | Alchemistic \Al`che*mis"tic\, Alchemistical \Al`che*mis"tic*al\,
a.
Relating to or practicing alchemy.
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Metaphysical and alchemistical legislators. --Burke.
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Alchemistical
(gcide) | Alchemistic \Al`che*mis"tic\, Alchemistical \Al`che*mis"tic*al\,
a.
Relating to or practicing alchemy.
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Metaphysical and alchemistical legislators. --Burke.
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Alchemistry
(gcide) | Alchemistry \Al"che*mis*try\, n.
Alchemy. [Obs.]
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Alchemize
(gcide) | Alchemize \Al"che*mize\, v. t.
To change by alchemy; to transmute. --Lovelace.
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Anthemion
(gcide) | Anthemion \An*the"mi*on\, [ fr. Gr. 'anqemi`s flower.]
A floral ornament. See Palmette.
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Anthemis
(gcide) | Anthemis \An"the*mis\, n. [Gr. 'anqemi`s, equiv. to 'a`nqos
flower; an herb like our chamomile.] (Bot.)
Chamomile; a genus of composite, herbaceous plants.
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Anthemis arvensis
(gcide) | Oxeye \Ox"eye`\, n. [Ox + eye.]
1. (Bot.)
(a) The oxeye daisy. See under Daisy.
(b) The corn camomile (Anthemis arvensis).
(c) A genus of composite plants (Buphthalmum) with large
yellow flowers.
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2. (Zool.)
(a) A titmouse, especially the great titmouse ({Parus
major}) and the blue titmouse (Parus coeruleus).
[Prov. Eng.]
(b) The dunlin.
(c) A fish; the bogue, or box.
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Creeping oxeye (Bot.) a West Indian composite plant
(Wedelia carnosa).
Seaside oxeye (Bot.), a West Indian composite shrub
(Borrichia arborescens).
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Anthemis Cotula
(gcide) | Mayweed \May"weed`\, n. (Bot.)
(a) A composite plant (Anthemis Cotula), having a strong
odor; dog's fennel. It is a native of Europe, now common
by the roadsides in the United States.
(b) The feverfew.
[1913 Webster] MazamaFennel \Fen"nel\ (f[e^]n"n[e^]l), n. [AS. fenol, finol, from L.
feniculum, faeniculum, dim. of fenum, faenum, hay: cf. F.
fenouil. Cf. Fenugreek. Finochio.] (Bot.)
A perennial plant of the genus F[ae]niculum ({F[ae]niculum
vulgare}), having very finely divided leaves. It is
cultivated in gardens for the agreeable aromatic flavor of
its seeds.
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Smell of sweetest fennel. --Milton.
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A sprig of fennel was in fact the theological smelling
bottle of the tender sex. --S. G.
Goodrich.
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Azorean fennel, or Sweet fennel, (F[ae]niculum dulce).
It is a smaller and stouter plant than the common fennel,
and is used as a pot herb.
Dog's fennel (Anthemis Cotula), a foul-smelling European
weed; -- called also mayweed.
Fennel flower (Bot.), an herb (Nigella) of the Buttercup
family, having leaves finely divided, like those of the
fennel. Nigella Damascena is common in gardens. {Nigella
sativa} furnishes the fennel seed, used as a condiment,
etc., in India. These seeds are the "fitches" mentioned in
Isaiah (xxviii. 25).
Fennel water (Med.), the distilled water of fennel seed. It
is stimulant and carminative.
Giant fennel (Ferula communis), has stems full of pith,
which, it is said, were used to carry fire, first, by
Prometheus.
Hog's fennel, a European plant (Peucedanum officinale)
looking something like fennel.
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Anthemis nobilis
(gcide) | Camomile \Cam"o*mile\, Chamomile \Cham"o*mile\
(k[a^]m"[-o]*m[imac]l), n. [LL. camonilla, corrupted fr. Gr.
chamai`mhlon, lit. earth apple, being so called from the
smell of its flower. See Humble, and Melon.] (Bot.)
A genus of herbs (Anthemis) of the Composite family. The
common camomile, Anthemis nobilis, is used as a popular
remedy. Its flowers have a strong and fragrant and a bitter,
aromatic taste. They are tonic, febrifugal, and in large
doses emetic, and the volatile oil is carminative.
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Aphemia
(gcide) | Aphemia \A*phe"mi*a\, n. [NL., fr. Gr. 'a priv. + ? voice.]
(Med.)
Loss of the power of speaking, while retaining the power of
writing; -- a disorder of cerebral origin.
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Applied chemistry
(gcide) | Apply \Ap*ply"\, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Applied; p. pr. & vb. n.
Applying.] [OF. aplier, F. appliquer, fr. L. applicare to
join, fix, or attach to; ad + plicare to fold, to twist
together. See Applicant, Ply.]
1. To lay or place; to put or adjust (one thing to another);
-- with to; as, to apply the hand to the breast; to apply
medicaments to a diseased part of the body.
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He said, and the sword his throat applied. --Dryden.
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2. To put to use; to use or employ for a particular purpose,
or in a particular case; to appropriate; to devote; as, to
apply money to the payment of a debt.
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3. To make use of, declare, or pronounce, as suitable,
fitting, or relative; as, to apply the testimony to the
case; to apply an epithet to a person.
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Yet God at last
To Satan, first in sin, his doom applied. --Milton.
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4. To fix closely; to engage and employ diligently, or with
attention; to attach; to incline.
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Apply thine heart unto instruction. --Prov. xxiii.
12.
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5. To direct or address. [R.]
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Sacred vows . . . applied to grisly Pluto. --Pope.
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6. To betake; to address; to refer; -- used reflexively.
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I applied myself to him for help. --Johnson.
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7. To busy; to keep at work; to ply. [Obs.]
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She was skillful in applying his "humors." --Sir P.
Sidney.
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8. To visit. [Obs.]
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And he applied each place so fast. --Chapman.
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Applied chemistry. See under Chemistry.
Applied mathematics. See under Mathematics.
[1913 Webster]Chemistry \Chem"is*try\ (k[e^]m"[i^]s*tr[y^]; 277), n. [From
Chemist. See Alchemy.]
1. That branch of science which treats of the composition of
substances, and of the changes which they undergo in
consequence of alterations in the constitution of the
molecules, which depend upon variations of the number,
kind, or mode of arrangement, of the constituent atoms.
These atoms are not assumed to be indivisible, but merely
the finest grade of subdivision hitherto attained.
Chemistry deals with the changes in the composition and
constitution of molecules. See Atom, Molecule.
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Note: Historically, chemistry is an outgrowth of alchemy (or
alchemistry), with which it was anciently identified.
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2. An application of chemical theory and method to the
consideration of some particular subject; as, the
chemistry of iron; the chemistry of indigo.
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3. A treatise on chemistry.
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Note: This word and its derivatives were formerly written
with y, and sometimes with i, instead of e, in the
first syllable, chymistry, chymist, chymical, etc., or
chimistry, chimist, chimical, etc.; and the
pronunciation was conformed to the orthography.
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Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or
mineral substances.
Organic chemistry, that which treats of the substances
which form the structure of organized beings and their
products, whether animal or vegetable; -- called also
chemistry of the carbon compounds. There is no
fundamental difference between organic and inorganic
chemistry.
Physiological chemistry, the chemistry of the organs and
tissues of the body, and of the various physiological
processes incident to life.
Practical chemistry, or Applied chemistry, that which
treats of the modes of manufacturing the products of
chemistry that are useful in the arts, of their
applications to economical purposes, and of the conditions
essential to their best use.
Pure chemistry, the consideration of the facts and theories
of chemistry in their purely scientific relations, without
necessary reference to their practical applications or
mere utility.
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Archchemic
(gcide) | Archchemic \Arch`chem"ic\, a.
Of supreme chemical powers. [R.] "The archchemic sun."
--Milton.
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Asinus hemionus
(gcide) | Dziggetai \Dzig"ge*tai\, n. (Zool.)
The kiang, a wild horse or wild ass of Tibet ({Asinus
hemionus}).
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Note: The name is sometimes applied also to the koulan or
onager. See Koulan. |
astrochemical
(gcide) | astrochemistry \astrochemistry\ n.
the branch of science involving astronomy and chemistry which
studies the chemical composition, chemical reactions, and
evolution of matter in outer space. -- as`tro*chem"ic*al,
a. -- as`tro*chem"ic*al*ly, adv.
[PJC] |
astrochemically
(gcide) | astrochemistry \astrochemistry\ n.
the branch of science involving astronomy and chemistry which
studies the chemical composition, chemical reactions, and
evolution of matter in outer space. -- as`tro*chem"ic*al,
a. -- as`tro*chem"ic*al*ly, adv.
[PJC] |
astrochemistry
(gcide) | astrochemistry \astrochemistry\ n.
the branch of science involving astronomy and chemistry which
studies the chemical composition, chemical reactions, and
evolution of matter in outer space. -- as`tro*chem"ic*al,
a. -- as`tro*chem"ic*al*ly, adv.
[PJC] |
Basilarchia arthemis
(gcide) | Purple \Pur"ple\, n.; pl. Purples. [OE. purpre, pourpre, OF.
purpre, porpre, pourpre, F. pourpre, L. purpura purple fish,
purple dye, fr. Gr. ? the purple fish, a shell from the
purple dye was obtained, purple dye; cf. ? dark (said of the
sea), purple, ? to grow dark (said of the sea), to be
troubled; perh. akin to L. furere to rage, E. fury: cf. AS.
purpure. Cf. Porphyry, Purpure.]
1. A color formed by, or resembling that formed by, a
combination of the primary colors red and blue.
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Arraying with reflected purple and gold
The clouds that on his western throne attend. --
Milton.
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Note: The ancient words which are translated purple are
supposed to have been used for the color we call
crimson. In the gradations of color as defined in art,
purple is a mixture of red and blue. When red
predominates it is called violet, and when blue
predominates, hyacinth.
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2. Cloth dyed a purple color, or a garment of such color;
especially, a purple robe, worn as an emblem of rank or
authority; specifically, the purple rode or mantle worn by
Roman emperors as the emblem of imperial dignity; as, to
put on the imperial purple.
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Thou shalt make the tabernacle with ten curtains of
fine twined linen, and purple, and scarlet. --Ex.
xxvi. 1.
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3. Hence: Imperial sovereignty; royal rank, dignity, or
favor; loosely and colloquially, any exalted station;
great wealth. "He was born in the purple." --Gibbon.
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4. A cardinalate. See Cardinal.
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5. (Zool.) Any species of large butterflies, usually marked
with purple or blue, of the genus Basilarchia (formerly
Limenitis) as, the banded purple ({Basilarchia
arthemis}). See Illust. under Ursula.
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6. (Zool.) Any shell of the genus Purpura.
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7. pl.(Med.) See Purpura.
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8. pl. A disease of wheat. Same as Earcockle.
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Note: Purple is sometimes used in composition, esp. with
participles forming words of obvious signification; as,
purple-colored, purple-hued, purple-stained,
purple-tinged, purple-tinted, and the like.
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French purple. (Chem.) Same as Cudbear.
Purple of Cassius. See Cassius.
Purple of mollusca (Zool.), a coloring matter derived from
certain mollusks, which dyes wool, etc., of a purple or
crimson color, and is supposed to be the substance of the
famous Tyrian dye. It is obtained from Ianthina, and from
several species of Purpura, and Murex.
To be born in the purple, to be of princely birth; to be
highborn.
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Berchemia volubilus
(gcide) | Supple-jack \Sup"ple-jack`\, n. (Bot.)
(a) A climbing shrub (Berchemia volubilus) of the Southern
United States, having a tough and pliable stem.
(b) A somewhat similar tropical American plant ({Paullinia
Curassavica}); also, a walking stick made from its stem.
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He was in form and spirit like a supple-jack, . . .
yielding, but tough; though he bent, he never
broke. --W. Irving.
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Note: This name is given to various plants of similar habit
in different British colonies.
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Bethlehemite
(gcide) | Bethlehemite \Beth"le*hem*ite\, Bethlemite \Beth"lem*ite\, n.
1. An inhabitant of Bethlehem in Judea.
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2. An insane person; a madman; a bedlamite.
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3. One of an extinct English order of monks.
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biochemical
(gcide) | biochemical \bi`o*chem"ic*al\ adj.
of or pertaining to biochemistry.
[WordNet 1.5]biochemical \bi`o*chem"ic*al\ n.
a chemical substance produced by a living organism, or such a
substance produced synthetically.
[WordNet 1.5] |
Biochemistry
(gcide) | Biochemistry \Bi`o*chem"is*try\, n. [Gr. bi`os life + E.
chemistry.] (Biol.)
The chemistry of living organisms; the chemistry of the
processes incidental to, and characteristic of, life.
[1913 Webster] Biodynamic |
Blaspheming
(gcide) | Blaspheme \Blas*pheme"\ (bl[a^]s*f[=e]m"), v. t. [imp. & p. p.
Blasphemed (-f[=e]mf"); p. pr. & vb. n. Blaspheming.]
[OE. blasfem[=e]n, L. blasphemare, fr. Gr. blasfhmei^n: cf.
F. blasph['e]mer. See Blame, v.]
1. To speak of, or address, with impious irreverence; to
revile impiously (anything sacred); as, to blaspheme the
Holy Spirit.
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So Dagon shall be magnified, and God,
Besides whom is no god, compared with idols,
Disglorified, blasphemed, and had in scorn.
--Milton.
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How long, O Lord, holy and true, dost thou not judge
and avenge thyself on all those who thus continually
blaspheme thy great and all-glorious name? --Dr. W.
Beveridge.
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2. Figuratively, of persons and things not religiously
sacred, but held in high honor: To calumniate; to revile;
to abuse.
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You do blaspheme the good in mocking me. --Shak.
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Those who from our labors heap their board,
Blaspheme their feeder and forget their lord.
--Pope.
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Bohemia
(gcide) | Bohemia \Bo*he"mi*a\, n.
1. A country of central Europe.
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2. Fig.: The region or community of social Bohemians. See
Bohemian, n., 3.
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She knew every one who was any one in the land of
Bohemia. --Compton
Reade.
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Bohemian
(gcide) | Bohemian \Bo*he"mi*an\, a.
1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its
ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian,
n., 2.
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2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or "Bohemian" (see
Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and
easy. [Modern]
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Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five
and thirty. --Blackw. Mag.
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Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and
customs nowadays. --W. Black.
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Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zool.), a small
bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the
waxwing.
Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality,
made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing
usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no
lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color.
[1913 Webster]Bohemian \Bo*he"mi*an\, n.
1. A native of Bohemia.
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2. The language of the Czechs (the ancient inhabitants of
Bohemia), the richest and most developed of the dialects
of the Slavic family.
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3. A restless vagabond; -- originally, an idle stroller or
gypsy (as in France) thought to have come from Bohemia; in
later times often applied to an adventurer in art or
literature, of irregular, unconventional habits,
questionable tastes, or free morals. [Modern]
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Note: In this sense from the French boh['e]mien, a gypsy;
also, a person of irregular habits.
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She was of a wild, roving nature, inherited from
father and mother, who were both Bohemians by
taste and circumstances. --Thackeray.
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Bohemian chatterer
(gcide) | Bohemian \Bo*he"mi*an\, a.
1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its
ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian,
n., 2.
[1913 Webster]
2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or "Bohemian" (see
Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and
easy. [Modern]
[1913 Webster]
Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five
and thirty. --Blackw. Mag.
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Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and
customs nowadays. --W. Black.
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Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zool.), a small
bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the
waxwing.
Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality,
made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing
usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no
lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color.
[1913 Webster] |
Bohemian glass
(gcide) | Glass \Glass\ (gl[.a]s), n. [OE. glas, gles, AS. gl[ae]s; akin
to D., G., Dan., & Sw. glas, Icel. glas, gler, Dan. glar; cf.
AS. gl[ae]r amber, L. glaesum. Cf. Glare, n., Glaze, v.
t.]
[1913 Webster]
1. A hard, brittle, translucent, and commonly transparent
substance, white or colored, having a conchoidal fracture,
and made by fusing together sand or silica with lime,
potash, soda, or lead oxide. It is used for window panes
and mirrors, for articles of table and culinary use, for
lenses, and various articles of ornament.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Glass is variously colored by the metallic oxides;
thus, manganese colors it violet; copper (cuprous),
red, or (cupric) green; cobalt, blue; uranium,
yellowish green or canary yellow; iron, green or brown;
gold, purple or red; tin, opaque white; chromium,
emerald green; antimony, yellow.
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2. (Chem.) Any substance having a peculiar glassy appearance,
and a conchoidal fracture, and usually produced by fusion.
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3. Anything made of glass. Especially:
(a) A looking-glass; a mirror.
(b) A vessel filled with running sand for measuring time;
an hourglass; and hence, the time in which such a
vessel is exhausted of its sand.
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She would not live
The running of one glass. --Shak.
(c) A drinking vessel; a tumbler; a goblet; hence, the
contents of such a vessel; especially; spirituous
liquors; as, he took a glass at dinner.
(d) An optical glass; a lens; a spyglass; -- in the
plural, spectacles; as, a pair of glasses; he wears
glasses.
(e) A weatherglass; a barometer.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Glass is much used adjectively or in combination; as,
glass maker, or glassmaker; glass making or
glassmaking; glass blower or glassblower, etc.
[1913 Webster]
Bohemian glass, Cut glass, etc. See under Bohemian,
Cut, etc.
Crown glass, a variety of glass, used for making the finest
plate or window glass, and consisting essentially of
silicate of soda or potash and lime, with no admixture of
lead; the convex half of an achromatic lens is composed of
crown glass; -- so called from a crownlike shape given it
in the process of blowing.
Crystal glass, or Flint glass. See Flint glass, in the
Vocabulary.
Cylinder glass, sheet glass made by blowing the glass in
the form of a cylinder which is then split longitudinally,
opened out, and flattened.
Glass of antimony, a vitreous oxide of antimony mixed with
sulphide.
Glass cloth, a woven fabric formed of glass fibers.
Glass coach, a coach superior to a hackney-coach, hired for
the day, or any short period, as a private carriage; -- so
called because originally private carriages alone had
glass windows. [Eng.] --Smart.
[1913 Webster]
Glass coaches are [allowed in English parks from
which ordinary hacks are excluded], meaning by this
term, which is never used in America, hired
carriages that do not go on stands. --J. F.
Cooper.
Glass cutter.
(a) One who cuts sheets of glass into sizes for window
panes, ets.
(b) One who shapes the surface of glass by grinding and
polishing.
(c) A tool, usually with a diamond at the point, for
cutting glass.
Glass cutting.
(a) The act or process of dividing glass, as sheets of
glass into panes with a diamond.
(b) The act or process of shaping the surface of glass by
appylying it to revolving wheels, upon which sand,
emery, and, afterwards, polishing powder, are applied;
especially of glass which is shaped into facets, tooth
ornaments, and the like. Glass having ornamental
scrolls, etc., cut upon it, is said to be engraved.
Glass metal, the fused material for making glass.
Glass painting, the art or process of producing decorative
effects in glass by painting it with enamel colors and
combining the pieces together with slender sash bars of
lead or other metal. In common parlance, glass painting
and glass staining (see Glass staining, below) are used
indifferently for all colored decorative work in windows,
and the like.
Glass paper, paper faced with pulvirezed glass, and used
for abrasive purposes.
Glass silk, fine threads of glass, wound, when in fusion,
on rapidly rotating heated cylinders.
Glass silvering, the process of transforming plate glass
into mirrors by coating it with a reflecting surface, a
deposit of silver, or a mercury amalgam.
Glass soap, or Glassmaker's soap, the black oxide of
manganese or other substances used by glass makers to take
away color from the materials for glass.
Glass staining, the art or practice of coloring glass in
its whole substance, or, in the case of certain colors, in
a superficial film only; also, decorative work in glass.
Cf. Glass painting.
Glass tears. See Rupert's drop.
Glass works, an establishment where glass is made.
Heavy glass, a heavy optical glass, consisting essentially
of a borosilicate of potash.
Millefiore glass. See Millefiore.
Plate glass, a fine kind of glass, cast in thick plates,
and flattened by heavy rollers, -- used for mirrors and
the best windows.
Pressed glass, glass articles formed in molds by pressure
when hot.
Soluble glass (Chem.), a silicate of sodium or potassium,
found in commerce as a white, glassy mass, a stony powder,
or dissolved as a viscous, sirupy liquid; -- used for
rendering fabrics incombustible, for hardening artificial
stone, etc.; -- called also water glass.
Spun glass, glass drawn into a thread while liquid.
Toughened glass, Tempered glass, glass finely tempered or
annealed, by a peculiar method of sudden cooling by
plunging while hot into oil, melted wax, or paraffine,
etc.; -- called also, from the name of the inventor of the
process, Bastie glass.
Water glass. (Chem.) See Soluble glass, above.
Window glass, glass in panes suitable for windows.
[1913 Webster]Bohemian \Bo*he"mi*an\, a.
1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its
ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian,
n., 2.
[1913 Webster]
2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or "Bohemian" (see
Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and
easy. [Modern]
[1913 Webster]
Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five
and thirty. --Blackw. Mag.
[1913 Webster]
Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and
customs nowadays. --W. Black.
[1913 Webster]
Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zool.), a small
bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the
waxwing.
Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality,
made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing
usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no
lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color.
[1913 Webster] |
Bohemian olive
(gcide) | Olive \Ol"ive\, n. [F., fr. L. oliva, akin to Gr. ?. See Oil.]
1. (Bot.)
(a) A tree (Olea Europaea) with small oblong or
elliptical leaves, axillary clusters of flowers, and
oval, one-seeded drupes. The tree has been cultivated
for its fruit for thousands of years, and its branches
are the emblems of peace. The wood is yellowish brown
and beautifully variegated.
(b) The fruit of the olive. It has been much improved by
cultivation, and is used for making pickles. Olive oil
is pressed from its flesh.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Zool.)
(a) Any shell of the genus Oliva and allied genera; --
so called from the form. See Oliva.
(b) The oyster catcher. [Prov. Eng.]
[1913 Webster]
3.
(a) The color of the olive, a peculiar dark brownish,
yellowish, or tawny green.
(b) One of the tertiary colors, composed of violet and
green mixed in equal strength and proportion.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Anat.) An olivary body. See under Olivary.
[1913 Webster]
5. (Cookery) A small slice of meat seasoned, rolled up, and
cooked; as, olives of beef or veal.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Olive is sometimes used adjectively and in the
formation of self-explaining compounds; as, olive
brown, olive green, olive-colored, olive-skinned, olive
crown, olive garden, olive tree, olive yard, etc.
[1913 Webster]
Bohemian olive (Bot.), a species of Elaeagnus ({Elaeagnus
angustifolia}), the flowers of which are sometimes used in
Southern Europe as a remedy for fevers.
Olive branch.
(a) A branch of the olive tree, considered an emblem of
peace.
(b) (Fig.): A child.
to hold out an olive branch, to offer to make peace (with a
rival or enemy).
Olive brown, brown with a tinge of green.
Olive green, a dark brownish green, like the color of the
olive.
Olive oil, an oil expressed from the ripe fruit of the
olive, and much used as a salad oil, also in medicine and
the arts.
Olive ore (Min.), olivenite.
Wild olive (Bot.), a name given to the oleaster or wild
stock of the olive; also variously to several trees more
or less resembling the olive.
[1913 Webster +PJC] |
Bohemian waxwing
(gcide) | Bohemian \Bo*he"mi*an\, a.
1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia, or to the language of its
ancient inhabitants or their descendants. See Bohemian,
n., 2.
[1913 Webster]
2. Of or pertaining to a social gypsy or "Bohemian" (see
Bohemian, n., 3); vagabond; unconventional; free and
easy. [Modern]
[1913 Webster]
Hers was a pleasant Bohemian life till she was five
and thirty. --Blackw. Mag.
[1913 Webster]
Artists have abandoned their Bohemian manners and
customs nowadays. --W. Black.
[1913 Webster]
Bohemian chatterer, or Bohemian waxwing (Zool.), a small
bird of Europe and America (Ampelis garrulus); the
waxwing.
Bohemian glass, a variety of hard glass of fine quality,
made in Bohemia. It is of variable composition, containing
usually silica, lime, and potash, rarely soda, but no
lead. It is often remarkable for beauty of color.
[1913 Webster] |
Bohemianism
(gcide) | Bohemianism \Bo*he"mi*an*ism\, n.
The characteristic conduct or methods of a Bohemian. [Modern]
[1913 Webster] |
Bohemion chatterer
(gcide) | Chatterer \Chat"ter*er\, n.
1. A prater; an idle talker.
[1913 Webster]
2. (Zool.) A bird of the family Ampelid[ae] -- so called
from its monotonous note. The Bohemion chatterer
(Ampelis garrulus) inhabits the arctic regions of both
continents. In America the cedar bird is a more common
species. See Bohemian chatterer, and Cedar bird.
[1913 Webster] |
Cachemia
(gcide) | Cachaemia \Ca*ch[ae]"mi*a\, Cachemia \Ca*che"mi*a\, n. [NL., fr.
Gr. ? bad + ? blood.] (Med.)
A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood. --
Ca*ch[ae]"mic, Ca*che"mic, a.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] |
Cachemic
(gcide) | Cachaemia \Ca*ch[ae]"mi*a\, Cachemia \Ca*che"mi*a\, n. [NL., fr.
Gr. ? bad + ? blood.] (Med.)
A degenerated or poisoned condition of the blood. --
Ca*ch[ae]"mic, Ca*che"mic, a.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] |
Cerebral hemispheres
(gcide) | Hemisphere \Hem"i*sphere\, n. [L. hemisphaerium, Gr. ?; ? half =
? sphere: cf. F. h['e]misph[`e]re. See Hemi-, and
Sphere.]
1. A half sphere; one half of a sphere or globe, when divided
by a plane passing through its center.
[1913 Webster]
2. Half of the terrestrial globe, or a projection of the same
in a map or picture.
[1913 Webster]
3. The people who inhabit a hemisphere.
[1913 Webster]
He died . . . mourned by a hemisphere. --J. P.
Peters.
[1913 Webster]
Cerebral hemispheres. (Anat.) See Brain.
Magdeburg hemispheres (Physics), two hemispherical cups
forming, when placed together, a cavity from which the air
can be withdrawn by an air pump; -- used to illustrate the
pressure of the air. So called because invented by Otto
von Guericke at Magdeburg. Hemispheric |
Chemic
(gcide) | Chemic \Chem"ic\, n. [See Chenistry.]
1. A chemist; an alchemist. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
2. (Bleaching) A solution of chloride of lime.
[1913 Webster]Chemic \Chem"ic\, a.
Chemical. --Blackw. Mag.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemical
(gcide) | Chemical \Chem"ic*al\, n.
A substance used for producing a chemical effect; a reagent.
[1913 Webster]Chemical \Chem"ic*al\, a.
Pertaining to chemistry; characterized or produced by the
forces and operations of chemistry; employed in the processes
of chemistry; as, chemical changes; chemical combinations.
[1913 Webster]
Chemical attraction or Chemical affinity. See under
Attraction.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemical affinity
(gcide) | Chemical \Chem"ic*al\, a.
Pertaining to chemistry; characterized or produced by the
forces and operations of chemistry; employed in the processes
of chemistry; as, chemical changes; chemical combinations.
[1913 Webster]
Chemical attraction or Chemical affinity. See under
Attraction.
[1913 Webster] |
chemical atomic weights
(gcide) | Element \El"e*ment\, n. [F. ['e]l['e]ment, L. elementum.]
1. One of the simplest or essential parts or principles of
which anything consists, or upon which the constitution or
fundamental powers of anything are based.
[1913 Webster]
2. One of the ultimate, undecomposable constituents of any
kind of matter. Specifically: (Chem.) A substance which
cannot be decomposed into different kinds of matter by any
means at present employed; as, the elements of water are
oxygen and hydrogen.
[1913 Webster]
Note: The elements are naturally classified in several
families or groups, as the group of the alkaline
elements, the halogen group, and the like. They are
roughly divided into two great classes, the metals, as
sodium, calcium, etc., which form basic compounds, and
the nonmetals or metalloids, as oxygen, sulphur,
chlorine, which form acid compounds; but the
distinction is only relative, and some, as arsenic,
tin, aluminium, etc., form both acid and basic
compounds. The essential fact regarding every element
is its relative atomic number, which is equal to the
number of protons in the nucleus, and also equal to the
number of electrons in orbitals around the nucleus when
the atom is neutral. When the elements are tabulated in
the order of their ascending atomic numbers, the
arrangement constitutes the series of the Periodic law
of Mendelejeff. See Periodic law, under Periodic.
This Periodic law enables us to predict the qualities
of unknown elements. The number of elements known in
1890 were about seventy-five, but at that time the gaps
in the Periodic law indicated the possibility of many
more. All of the elements up to atomic number 100 have
now been observed though some are radioactive and very
unstable, and in some cases cannot be accumulated in
quantity sufficient to actually see by eye. The
properties predicted by the periodic law wre close to
the observed properties in many cases. Additional
unstable elements of atomic number over 100 are
observed from time to time, prepared in cyclotrons,
particle acclerators, or nuclear reactors, and some of
their properties are measurable by careful observation
of microscopic quantities, as few as several atoms. For
such unstable elements, the properties are now
predicted primarily by calculations based on quantum
mechanics. Such theories suggest that there may be an
"island" of relative stability of elements of atomic
number over 120, but this has yet to be confirmed by
experiment.
Many of the elements with which we are familiar, as
hydrogen, carbon, iron, gold, etc., have been
recognized, by means of spectrum analysis, in the sun
and the fixed stars. The chemical elements are now
known not be simple bodies, but only combinations of
subatomic particles such as protons, neutrons, and
electrons; ahd protons and neutrons are now believed to
be themselves combinations of quarks, particles which
are not observed singly, but only in combinations.
In formulas, the elements are designated by
abbreviations of their names in Latin or New Latin,
given in the table below. The atomic weights given in
the table below are the
chemical atomic weights, in some cases being the weighted
average of the atomic weights of individual isotopes, each
having a different atomic weight. The atomic weight of the
individual isotopes are called the physical atomic
weights. In those few cases where there is only one stable
isotope of an element, the chemical and physical atomic
weights are the same. The mass-spectrometric atomic
weights are those used for careful mass-spectrometric
measurements. For more details about individual elements,
see the element names in the vocabulary The Elements
----------------------------------------------------------
Name |Sym-| Atomic Weight |
|bol | O=16 | H=1 | C=12.000
----------------------------------------------------------
Aluminum | Al | 27.1 | 26.9 |
Antimony (Stibium) | Sb | 120 | 119.1 |
Argon | A | 39.9 | 39.6 |
Arsenic | As | 75 | 74.4 |
Astatine | At |
Barium | Ba | 137.4 | 136.4 |
Beryllium | Be |
Bismuth | Bi | 208.5 | 206.9 |
Boron | B | 11 | 10.9 |
Bromine | Br | 79.96 | 79.36|
Cadmium | Cd | 112.4 | 111.6 |
Cesium (Caesium) | Cs | 133 | 132 |
Calcium | Ca | 40 | 39.7 |
Carbon | C | 12 | 11.91| 12.000
Cerium | Ce | 140 | 139 |
Chlorine | Cl | 35.45 | 35.18|
Chromium | Cr | 52.1 | 51.7 |
Cobalt | Co |
Columbium (see Beryllium)
Copper | Cu |
(Cuprum)
Erbium | Er |
Europium | Eu |
Einsteinium | Es |
Fermium | Fe |
Fluorine | F |
Gadolinium | Gd |
Gallium | Ga |
Germanium | Ge |
Glucinum (now Beryllium)
Gold (Aurum) | Au |
Helium | He |
Hydrogen | H |
Indium | In |
Iodine | I |
Iridium | Ir |
Iron | Fe |
(Ferrum)
Krypton | Kr |
Lanthanum | La |
Lead | Pb |
(Plumbum)
Lithium | Li |
Magnesium | Mg |
Manganese | Mn |
Mercury | Hg |
(Hydrargyrum)
Molybdenum | Mo |
Neodymium | Nd |
Neon | Ne |
Nickel | Ni |
Niobium | Nb |
(see Columbium)
Nitrogen | N |
Osmium | Os |
Oxygen | O |
Palladium | Pd |
Phosphorus | P |
Platinum | Pt |
Potassium | K |
(Kalium)
Praseodymium | Pr |
Rhodium | Rh |
Rubidium | Rb |
Ruthenium | Ru |
Samarium | Sa |
Scandium | Sc |
Selenium | Se |
Silicon | Si |
Silver | Ag |
(Argentum)
Sodium | Na |
(Natrium)
Strontium | Sr |
Sulphur | S |
Tantalum | Ta |
Tellurium | Te |
Thallium | Tl |
Thorium | Th |
Thulium | Tu |
Tin | Sn |
(Stannum)
Titanium | Ti |
Tungsten | W |
(Wolframium)
Uranium | U |
Vanadium | V |
Wolfranium (see Tungsten)
Xenon | X |
Ytterbium | Yb |
Yttrium | Y |
Zinc | Zn |
Zirconium | Zr |
----------------------------------------------------------
[1913 Webster]
Note: Several other elements have been announced, as holmium,
vesbium, austrium, etc., but their properties, and in
some cases their existence, have not yet been
definitely established.
[1913 Webster]
3. One of the ultimate parts which are variously combined in
anything; as, letters are the elements of written
language; hence, also, a simple portion of that which is
complex, as a shaft, lever, wheel, or any simple part in a
machine; one of the essential ingredients of any mixture;
a constituent part; as, quartz, feldspar, and mica are the
elements of granite.
[1913 Webster]
The simplicity which is so large an element in a
noble nature was laughed to scorn. --Jowett
(Thucyd.).
[1913 Webster]
4.
(a) One out of several parts combined in a system of
aggregation, when each is of the nature of the whole;
as, a single cell is an element of the honeycomb.
(b) (Anat.) One of the smallest natural divisions of the
organism, as a blood corpuscle, a muscular fiber.
[1913 Webster]
5. (Biol.) One of the simplest essential parts, more commonly
called cells, of which animal and vegetable organisms, or
their tissues and organs, are composed.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Math.)
(a) An infinitesimal part of anything of the same nature
as the entire magnitude considered; as, in a solid an
element may be the infinitesimal portion between any
two planes that are separated an indefinitely small
distance. In the calculus, element is sometimes used
as synonymous with differential.
(b) Sometimes a curve, or surface, or volume is considered
as described by a moving point, or curve, or surface,
the latter being at any instant called an element of
the former.
(c) One of the terms in an algebraic expression.
[1913 Webster]
7. One of the necessary data or values upon which a system of
calculations depends, or general conclusions are based;
as, the elements of a planet's orbit.
[1913 Webster]
8. pl. The simplest or fundamental principles of any system
in philosophy, science, or art; rudiments; as, the
elements of geometry, or of music.
[1913 Webster]
9. pl. Any outline or sketch, regarded as containing the
fundamental ideas or features of the thing in question;
as, the elements of a plan.
[1913 Webster]
10. One of the simple substances, as supposed by the ancient
philosophers; one of the imaginary principles of matter.
(a) The four elements were, air, earth, water, and fire;
Note: whence it is said, water is the proper element of
fishes; air is the element of birds. Hence, the state
or sphere natural to anything or suited for its
existence.
[1913 Webster]
Of elements
The grosser feeds the purer: Earth the Sea;
Earth and the Sea feed Air; the Air those Fires
Ethereal. --Milton.
[1913 Webster]
Does not our life consist of the four elements?
--Shak.
[1913 Webster]
And the complexion of the element [i. e.,the sky
or air]
In favor's like the work we have in hand,
Most bloody, fiery, and most terrible. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
About twelve ounces [of food], with mere element
for drink. --Cheyne.
[1913 Webster]
They show that they are out of their element.
--T. Baker.
Esp., the conditions and movements of the air. "The
elements be kind to thee."
(b) The elements of the alchemists were salt, sulphur,
and mercury. --Brande & C.
[1913 Webster]
11. pl. The whole material composing the world.
[1913 Webster]
The elements shall melt with fervent heat. --2
Peter iii. 10.
[1913 Webster]
12. pl. (Eccl.) The bread and wine used in the eucharist or
Lord's supper.
[1913 Webster]
Magnetic element, one of the hypothetical elementary
portions of which a magnet is regarded as made up.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemical attraction
(gcide) | Attraction \At*trac"tion\, n. [L. attractio: cf. F. attraction.]
1. (Physics) An invisible power in a body by which it draws
anything to itself; the power in nature acting mutually
between bodies or ultimate particles, tending to draw them
together, or to produce their cohesion or combination, and
conversely resisting separation.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Attraction is exerted at both sensible and insensible
distances, and is variously denominated according to
its qualities or phenomena. Under attraction at
sensible distances, there are, -- (1.)
Attraction of gravitation, which acts at all distances
throughout the universe, with a force proportional
directly to the product of the masses of the bodies and
inversely to the square of their distances apart. (2.)
Magnetic, diamagnetic, and electrical attraction, each
of which is limited in its sensible range and is polar in
its action, a property dependent on the quality or
condition of matter, and not on its quantity. Under
attraction at insensible distances, there are, -- (1.)
Adhesive attraction, attraction between surfaces of
sensible extent, or by the medium of an intervening
substance. (2.)
Cohesive attraction, attraction between ultimate particles,
whether like or unlike, and causing simply an aggregation
or a union of those particles, as in the absorption of
gases by charcoal, or of oxygen by spongy platinum, or the
process of solidification or crystallization. The power in
adhesive attraction is strictly the same as that of
cohesion. (3.)
Capillary attraction, attraction causing a liquid to rise,
in capillary tubes or interstices, above its level
outside, as in very small glass tubes, or a sponge, or any
porous substance, when one end is inserted in the liquid.
It is a special case of cohesive attraction. (4.)
Chemical attraction, or
affinity, that peculiar force which causes elementary
atoms, or groups of atoms, to unite to form molecules.
[1913 Webster]
2. The act or property of attracting; the effect of the power
or operation of attraction. --Newton.
[1913 Webster]
3. The power or act of alluring, drawing to, inviting, or
engaging; an attractive quality; as, the attraction of
beauty or eloquence.
[1913 Webster]
4. That which attracts; an attractive object or feature.
[1913 Webster]
Syn: Allurement; enticement; charm.
[1913 Webster]Chemical \Chem"ic*al\, a.
Pertaining to chemistry; characterized or produced by the
forces and operations of chemistry; employed in the processes
of chemistry; as, chemical changes; chemical combinations.
[1913 Webster]
Chemical attraction or Chemical affinity. See under
Attraction.
[1913 Webster] |
chemical ferments
(gcide) | Ferment \Fer"ment\, n. [L. fermentum ferment (in senses 1 & 2),
perh. for fervimentum, fr. fervere to be boiling hot, boil,
ferment: cf. F. ferment. Cf. 1st Barm, Fervent.]
1. That which causes fermentation, as yeast, barm, or
fermenting beer.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Ferments are of two kinds: (a) Formed or organized
ferments. (b) Unorganized or structureless ferments.
The latter are now called enzymes and were formerly
called soluble ferments or chemical ferments.
Ferments of the first class are as a rule simple
microscopic vegetable organisms, and the fermentations
which they engender are due to their growth and
development; as, the acetic ferment, the {butyric
ferment}, etc. See Fermentation. Ferments of the
second class, on the other hand, are chemical
substances; as a rule they are proteins soluble in
glycerin and precipitated by alcohol. In action they
are catalytic and, mainly, hydrolytic. Good examples
are pepsin of the dastric juice, ptyalin of the salvia,
and disease of malt. Before 1960 the term "ferment" to
mean "enzyme" fell out of use. Enzymes are now known to
be globular proteins, capable of catalyzing a wide
variety of chemical reactions, not merely hydrolytic.
The full set of enzymes causing production of ethyl
alcohol from sugar has been identified and individually
purified and studied. See enzyme.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
2. Intestine motion; heat; tumult; agitation.
[1913 Webster]
Subdue and cool the ferment of desire. --Rogers.
[1913 Webster]
the nation is in a ferment. --Walpole.
[1913 Webster]
3. A gentle internal motion of the constituent parts of a
fluid; fermentation. [R.]
[1913 Webster]
Down to the lowest lees the ferment ran. --Thomson.
[1913 Webster]
ferment oils, volatile oils produced by the fermentation of
plants, and not originally contained in them. These were
the quintessences of the alchemists. --Ure.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemical fuze
(gcide) | Fuze \Fuze\, n.
A tube, filled with combustible matter, for exploding a
shell, etc. See Fuse, n.
[1913 Webster]
Chemical fuze, a fuze in which substances separated until
required for action are then brought into contact, and
uniting chemically, produce explosion.
Concussion fuze, a fuze ignited by the striking of the
projectile.
Electric fuze, a fuze which is ignited by heat or a spark
produced by an electric current.
Friction fuze, a fuze which is ignited by the heat evolved
by friction. See fuzee[1].
Percussion fuze, a fuze in which the ignition is produced
by a blow on some fulminating compound.
Time fuze, a fuze adapted, either by its length or by the
character of its composition, to burn a certain time
before producing an explosion.
[1913 Webster] |
chemical harmonicon
(gcide) | Singing \Sing"ing\,
a. & n. from Sing, v.
[1913 Webster]
Singing bird. (Zool.)
(a) Popularly, any bird that sings; a song bird.
(b) Specifically, any one of the Oscines.
Singing book, a book containing music for singing; a book
of tunes.
Singing falcon or Singing hawk. (Zool.) See {Chanting
falcon}, under Chanting.
Singing fish (Zool.), a California toadfish ({Porichthys
porosissimus}), called also midshipman; -- so called
because it produces a buzzing sound with its air bladder.
Singing flame (Acoustics), a flame, as of hydrogen or coal
gas, burning within a tube and so adjusted as to set the
air within the tube in vibration, causing sound. The
apparatus is called also chemical harmonicon.
Singing master, a man who teaches vocal music.
Singing school, a school in which persons are instructed in
singing.
[1913 Webster] |
chemical mace
(gcide) | Mace \Mace\, prop. n. [Trademark.]
A chemical preparation containing tear gas in a solvent,
packaged in the form of a spray, and used to temporarily
incapacitate people, such as rioters or criminals, by causing
intense eye and skin irritation; also called chemical mace.
It is designed to be a non-lethal weapon for defending
against violent people.
[PJC] macebearer |
Chemical solution
(gcide) | Solution \So*lu"tion\ (s[-o]*l[=u]"sh[u^]n), n. [OE. solucion,
OF. solucion, F. solution, fr. L. solutio, fr. solvere,
solutum, to loosen, dissolve. See Solve.]
1. The act of separating the parts of any body, or the
condition of undergoing a separation of parts; disruption;
breach.
[1913 Webster]
In all bodies there is an appetite of union and
evitation of solution of continuity. --Bacon.
[1913 Webster]
2. The act of solving, or the state of being solved; the
disentanglement of any intricate problem or difficult
question; explanation; clearing up; -- used especially in
mathematics, either of the process of solving an equation
or problem, or the result of the process.
[1913 Webster]
3. The state of being dissolved or disintegrated; resolution;
disintegration.
[1913 Webster]
It is unquestionably an enterprise of more promise
to assail the nations in their hour of faintness and
solution, than at a time when magnificent and
seductive systems of worship were at their height of
energy and splendor. --I. Taylor.
[1913 Webster]
4. (Chem.Phys.) The act or process by which a body (whether
solid, liquid, or gaseous) is absorbed into a liquid, and,
remaining or becoming fluid, is diffused throughout the
solvent; also, the product resulting from such absorption.
[1913 Webster]
Note: When a solvent will not take in any more of a substance
the solution is said to be saturated. Solution is of
two kinds; viz.: (a) Mechanical solution, in which no
marked chemical change takes place, and in which, in
the case of solids, the dissolved body can be regained
by evaporation, as in the solution of salt or sugar in
water. (b) Chemical solution, in which there is
involved a decided chemical change, as when limestone
or zinc undergoes solution in hydrochloric acid.
Mechanical solution is regarded as a form of
molecular or atomic attraction, and is probably
occasioned by the formation of certain very weak and
unstable compounds which are easily dissociated and
pass into new and similar compounds.
[1913 Webster]
Note: This word is not used in chemistry or mineralogy for
fusion, or the melting of bodies by the heat of fire.
[1913 Webster]
5. Release; deliverance; discharge. [Obs.] --Barrow.
[1913 Webster]
6. (Med.)
(a) The termination of a disease; resolution.
(b) A crisis.
(c) A liquid medicine or preparation (usually aqueous) in
which the solid ingredients are wholly soluble. --U.
S. Disp.
[1913 Webster]
Fehling's solution (Chem.), a standardized solution of
cupric hydrate in sodium potassium tartrate, used as a
means of determining the reducing power of certain sugars
and sirups by the amount of red cuprous oxide thrown down.
Heavy solution (Min.), a liquid of high density, as a
solution of mercuric iodide in potassium iodide (called
the Sonstadt solution or Thoulet solution) having a
maximum specific gravity of 3.2, or of borotungstate of
cadium (Klein solution, specific gravity 3.6), and the
like. Such solutions are much used in determining the
specific gravities of minerals, and in separating them
when mechanically mixed as in a pulverized rock.
Nessler's solution. See Nesslerize.
Solution of continuity, the separation of connection, or of
connected substances or parts; -- applied, in surgery, to
a fracture, laceration, or the like. "As in the natural
body a wound, or solution of continuity, is worse than a
corrupt humor, so in the spiritual." --Bacon.
Standardized solution (Chem.), a solution which is used as
a reagent, and is of a known and standard strength;
specifically, a normal solution, containing in each cubic
centimeter as many milligrams of the element in question
as the number representing its atomic weight; thus, a
normal solution of silver nitrate would contain 107.7 mgr.
of silver in each cubic centimeter.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemical spectrum
(gcide) | Spectrum \Spec"trum\, n.; pl. Spectra. [L. See Specter.]
1. An apparition; a specter. [Obs.]
[1913 Webster]
2. (Opt.)
(a) The several colored and other rays of which light is
composed, separated by the refraction of a prism or
other means, and observed or studied either as spread
out on a screen, by direct vision, by photography, or
otherwise. See Illust. of Light, and Spectroscope.
(b) A luminous appearance, or an image seen after the eye
has been exposed to an intense light or a strongly
illuminated object. When the object is colored, the
image appears of the complementary color, as a green
image seen after viewing a red wafer lying on white
paper. Called also ocular spectrum.
[1913 Webster]
Absorption spectrum, the spectrum of light which has passed
through a medium capable of absorbing a portion of the
rays. It is characterized by dark spaces, bands, or lines.
Chemical spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely
with reference to their chemical effects, as in
photography. These, in the usual photogrophic methods,
have their maximum influence at and beyond the violet
rays, but are not limited to this region.
Chromatic spectrum, the visible colored rays of the solar
spectrum, exhibiting the seven principal colors in their
order, and covering the central and larger portion of the
space of the whole spectrum.
Continous spectrum, a spectrum not broken by bands or
lines, but having the colors shaded into each other
continously, as that from an incandescent solid or liquid,
or a gas under high pressure.
Diffraction spectrum, a spectrum produced by diffraction,
as by a grating.
Gaseous spectrum, the spectrum of an incandesoent gas or
vapor, under moderate, or especially under very low,
pressure. It is characterized by bright bands or lines.
Normal spectrum, a representation of a spectrum arranged
upon conventional plan adopted as standard, especially a
spectrum in which the colors are spaced proportionally to
their wave lengths, as when formed by a diffraction
grating.
Ocular spectrum. See Spectrum, 2
(b), above.
Prismatic spectrum, a spectrum produced by means of a
prism.
Solar spectrum, the spectrum of solar light, especially as
thrown upon a screen in a darkened room. It is
characterized by numerous dark lines called Fraunhofer
lines.
Spectrum analysis, chemical analysis effected by comparison
of the different relative positions and qualities of the
fixed lines of spectra produced by flames in which
different substances are burned or evaporated, each
substance having its own characteristic system of lines.
Thermal spectrum, a spectrum of rays considered solely with
reference to their heating effect, especially of those
rays which produce no luminous phenomena.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemically
(gcide) | Chemically \Chem"ic*al*ly\, adv.
According to chemical principles; by chemical process or
operation.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemiglyphic
(gcide) | Chemiglyphic \Chem`i*glyph"ic\, a. [Chemical + ? to engrave.]
Engraved by a voltaic battery.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemigraphic
(gcide) | Chemigraphy \Che*mig"ra*phy\, n. [Chemical + -graphy.]
Any mechanical engraving process depending upon chemical
action; specif., a process of zinc etching not employing
photography. -- Chem`i*graph"ic, a.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] |
Chemigraphy
(gcide) | Chemigraphy \Che*mig"ra*phy\, n. [Chemical + -graphy.]
Any mechanical engraving process depending upon chemical
action; specif., a process of zinc etching not employing
photography. -- Chem`i*graph"ic, a.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] |
Chemiloon
(gcide) | Chemiloon \Chem`i*loon"\, n.
A garment for women, consisting of chemise and drawers united
in one. [U. S.]
[1913 Webster] |
Chemiotaxis
(gcide) | Chemotaxis \Chem`o*tax"is\, n. Formerly also Chemiotaxis
\Chem`i*o*tax"is\ [Chemical + Gr. ? arrangement, fr. ? to
arrange.] (Biol.)
The sensitiveness exhibited by small free-swimming organisms,
as bacteria, zoospores of alg[ae], etc., to chemical
substances held in solution. They may be attracted ({positive
chemotaxis}) or repelled (negative chemotaxis). --
Chem`o*tac"tic, a. -- Chem`o*tac"tic*al*ly, adv.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.] chemotherapeutic |
Chemise
(gcide) | Chemise \Che*mise"\, n. [F., shirt, fr. LL. camisa, camisia,
shirt, thin dress; cf. G. hemd, or OIr. caimmse sort of
garment. Cf. Camis.]
1. A shift, or undergarment, worn by women.
[1913 Webster]
2. A wall that lines the face of a bank or earthwork.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemisette
(gcide) | Chemisette \Chem`i*sette"\, n. [F., dim. of chemise.]
An under-garment, worn by women, usually covering the neck,
shoulders, and breast.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemism
(gcide) | Chemism \Chem"ism\, n. [Cf. F. chimisme. See Chemistry.]
The force exerted between the atoms of elementary substance
whereby they unite to form chemical compounds; chemical
attaction; affinity; -- sometimes used as a general
expression for chemical activity or relationship.
[1913 Webster] chemisorptive |
chemisorptive
(gcide) | chemisorptive \chemisorptive\ chemosorptive \chemosorptive\adj.
have the capacity to adsorb by chemical as contrasted with
physical forces.
[WordNet 1.5] |
chemisorptive chemosorptive
(gcide) | adsorptive \adsorptive\ adj.
1. having capacity or tendency to adsorb or cause to
accumulate on a surface; displaying adsorption.
[Narrower terms: {chemisorptive, chemosorptive ]
nonadsorbent
Syn: adsorbent, surface-assimilative
[WordNet 1.5] |
Chemist
(gcide) | Chemist \Chem"ist\, n. [Shortened from alchemist; cf. F.
chimiste.]
A person versed in chemistry or given to chemical
investigation; an analyst; a maker or seller of chemicals or
drugs.
[1913 Webster] |
chemistry
(gcide) | Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr.
L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.]
1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the
constitution of a thing; belonging to native character;
according to nature; essential; characteristic; innate;
not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as,
the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural
motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or
disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.
[1913 Webster]
With strong natural sense, and rare force of will.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature;
consonant to the methods of nature; according to the
stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws
which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or
violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural
consequence of crime; a natural death; anger is a natural
response to insult.
[1913 Webster]
What can be more natural than the circumstances in
the behavior of those women who had lost their
husbands on this fatal day? --Addison.
[1913 Webster]
3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with,
or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and
mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or
experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural
science; history, theology.
[1913 Webster]
I call that natural religion which men might know .
. . by the mere principles of reason, improved by
consideration and experience, without the help of
revelation. --Bp. Wilkins.
[1913 Webster]
4. Conformed to truth or reality; as:
(a) Springing from true sentiment; not artificial or
exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a
natural gesture, tone, etc.
(b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature;
according to the life; -- said of anything copied or
imitated; as, a portrait is natural.
[1913 Webster]
5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to
one's position; not unnatural in feelings.
[1913 Webster]
To leave his wife, to leave his babes, . . .
He wants the natural touch. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. especially,
Related by birth rather than by adoption; as, one's
natural mother. "Natural friends." --J. H. Newman.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
7. Hence: Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of
wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.
[1913 Webster]
8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as
contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which
is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate.
[1913 Webster]
The natural man receiveth not the things of the
Spirit of God. --1 Cor. ii.
14.
[1913 Webster]
9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some
system, in which the base is 1; -- said of certain
functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those
commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken
in arcs whose radii are 1.
[1913 Webster]
10. (Mus.)
(a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human
throat, in distinction from instrumental music.
(b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat
nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major.
(c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which
moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but
little from the original key.
(d) Neither flat nor sharp; -- of a tone.
(e) Changed to the pitch which is neither flat nor sharp,
by appending the sign [natural]; as, A natural.
--Moore (Encyc. of Music).
[1913 Webster +PJC]
11. Existing in nature or created by the forces of nature, in
contrast to production by man; not made, manufactured, or
processed by humans; as, a natural ruby; a natural
bridge; natural fibers; a deposit of natural calcium
sulfate. Opposed to artificial, man-made,
manufactured, processed and synthetic. [WordNet
sense 2]
[PJC]
12. Hence: Not processed or refined; in the same statre as
that existing in nature; as, natural wood; natural foods.
[PJC]
Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas.
etc.
Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common
chord.
Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or
description of nature as a whole, including the sciences
of botany, Zoology, geology, mineralogy,
paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent
usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of
botany and Zoology collectively, and sometimes to the
science of zoology alone.
Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right
and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished
from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated
human law.
Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its
relative keys.
Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order.
Natural person. (Law) See under person, n.
Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in
general; the natural sciences; in modern usage, that
branch of physical science, commonly called physics,
which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and
considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by
any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with
mental philosophy and moral philosophy.
Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without
flats or sharps.
Note: Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to
mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales
represented by the use of flats and sharps) being
equally natural with the so-called natural scale.
Natural science, the study of objects and phenomena
existing in nature, especially biology, chemistry, physics
and their interdisciplinary related sciences; {natural
history}, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in
contradistinction to social science, mathematics,
philosophy, mental science or moral science.
Natural selection (Biol.), the operation of natural laws
analogous, in their operation and results, to designed
selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in
the survival of the fittest; the elimination over time of
species unable to compete in specific environments with
other species more adapted to survival; -- the essential
mechanism of evolution. The principle of natural selection
is neutral with respect to the mechanism by which
inheritable changes occur in organisms (most commonly
thought to be due to mutation of genes and reorganization
of genomes), but proposes that those forms which have
become so modified as to be better adapted to the existing
environment have tended to survive and leave similarly
adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted
have tended to die out through lack of fitness for the
environment, thus resulting in the survival of the
fittest. See Darwinism.
Natural system (Bot. & Zool.), a classification based upon
real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of
the organisms, and by their embryology.
It should be borne in mind that the natural system
of botany is natural only in the constitution of its
genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand
divisions. --Gray.
Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of
theological science which treats of those evidences of the
existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are
exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from {revealed
religion}. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3.
Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir,
her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest
open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel,
under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
Syn: See Native.
[1913 Webster]Chemistry \Chem"is*try\ (k[e^]m"[i^]s*tr[y^]; 277), n. [From
Chemist. See Alchemy.]
1. That branch of science which treats of the composition of
substances, and of the changes which they undergo in
consequence of alterations in the constitution of the
molecules, which depend upon variations of the number,
kind, or mode of arrangement, of the constituent atoms.
These atoms are not assumed to be indivisible, but merely
the finest grade of subdivision hitherto attained.
Chemistry deals with the changes in the composition and
constitution of molecules. See Atom, Molecule.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Historically, chemistry is an outgrowth of alchemy (or
alchemistry), with which it was anciently identified.
[1913 Webster]
2. An application of chemical theory and method to the
consideration of some particular subject; as, the
chemistry of iron; the chemistry of indigo.
[1913 Webster]
3. A treatise on chemistry.
[1913 Webster]
Note: This word and its derivatives were formerly written
with y, and sometimes with i, instead of e, in the
first syllable, chymistry, chymist, chymical, etc., or
chimistry, chimist, chimical, etc.; and the
pronunciation was conformed to the orthography.
[1913 Webster]
Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or
mineral substances.
Organic chemistry, that which treats of the substances
which form the structure of organized beings and their
products, whether animal or vegetable; -- called also
chemistry of the carbon compounds. There is no
fundamental difference between organic and inorganic
chemistry.
Physiological chemistry, the chemistry of the organs and
tissues of the body, and of the various physiological
processes incident to life.
Practical chemistry, or Applied chemistry, that which
treats of the modes of manufacturing the products of
chemistry that are useful in the arts, of their
applications to economical purposes, and of the conditions
essential to their best use.
Pure chemistry, the consideration of the facts and theories
of chemistry in their purely scientific relations, without
necessary reference to their practical applications or
mere utility.
[1913 Webster] |
Chemistry
(gcide) | Natural \Nat"u*ral\ (?; 135), a. [OE. naturel, F. naturel, fr.
L. naturalis, fr. natura. See Nature.]
1. Fixed or determined by nature; pertaining to the
constitution of a thing; belonging to native character;
according to nature; essential; characteristic; innate;
not artificial, foreign, assumed, put on, or acquired; as,
the natural growth of animals or plants; the natural
motion of a gravitating body; natural strength or
disposition; the natural heat of the body; natural color.
[1913 Webster]
With strong natural sense, and rare force of will.
--Macaulay.
[1913 Webster]
2. Conformed to the order, laws, or actual facts, of nature;
consonant to the methods of nature; according to the
stated course of things, or in accordance with the laws
which govern events, feelings, etc.; not exceptional or
violent; legitimate; normal; regular; as, the natural
consequence of crime; a natural death; anger is a natural
response to insult.
[1913 Webster]
What can be more natural than the circumstances in
the behavior of those women who had lost their
husbands on this fatal day? --Addison.
[1913 Webster]
3. Having to do with existing system to things; dealing with,
or derived from, the creation, or the world of matter and
mind, as known by man; within the scope of human reason or
experience; not supernatural; as, a natural law; natural
science; history, theology.
[1913 Webster]
I call that natural religion which men might know .
. . by the mere principles of reason, improved by
consideration and experience, without the help of
revelation. --Bp. Wilkins.
[1913 Webster]
4. Conformed to truth or reality; as:
(a) Springing from true sentiment; not artificial or
exaggerated; -- said of action, delivery, etc.; as, a
natural gesture, tone, etc.
(b) Resembling the object imitated; true to nature;
according to the life; -- said of anything copied or
imitated; as, a portrait is natural.
[1913 Webster]
5. Having the character or sentiments properly belonging to
one's position; not unnatural in feelings.
[1913 Webster]
To leave his wife, to leave his babes, . . .
He wants the natural touch. --Shak.
[1913 Webster]
6. Connected by the ties of consanguinity. especially,
Related by birth rather than by adoption; as, one's
natural mother. "Natural friends." --J. H. Newman.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
7. Hence: Begotten without the sanction of law; born out of
wedlock; illegitimate; bastard; as, a natural child.
[1913 Webster]
8. Of or pertaining to the lower or animal nature, as
contrasted with the higher or moral powers, or that which
is spiritual; being in a state of nature; unregenerate.
[1913 Webster]
The natural man receiveth not the things of the
Spirit of God. --1 Cor. ii.
14.
[1913 Webster]
9. (Math.) Belonging to, to be taken in, or referred to, some
system, in which the base is 1; -- said of certain
functions or numbers; as, natural numbers, those
commencing at 1; natural sines, cosines, etc., those taken
in arcs whose radii are 1.
[1913 Webster]
10. (Mus.)
(a) Produced by natural organs, as those of the human
throat, in distinction from instrumental music.
(b) Of or pertaining to a key which has neither a flat
nor a sharp for its signature, as the key of C major.
(c) Applied to an air or modulation of harmony which
moves by easy and smooth transitions, digressing but
little from the original key.
(d) Neither flat nor sharp; -- of a tone.
(e) Changed to the pitch which is neither flat nor sharp,
by appending the sign [natural]; as, A natural.
--Moore (Encyc. of Music).
[1913 Webster +PJC]
11. Existing in nature or created by the forces of nature, in
contrast to production by man; not made, manufactured, or
processed by humans; as, a natural ruby; a natural
bridge; natural fibers; a deposit of natural calcium
sulfate. Opposed to artificial, man-made,
manufactured, processed and synthetic. [WordNet
sense 2]
[PJC]
12. Hence: Not processed or refined; in the same statre as
that existing in nature; as, natural wood; natural foods.
[PJC]
Natural day, the space of twenty-four hours. --Chaucer.
[1913 Webster]
Natural fats, Natural gas, etc. See under Fat, Gas.
etc.
Natural Harmony (Mus.), the harmony of the triad or common
chord.
Natural history, in its broadest sense, a history or
description of nature as a whole, including the sciences
of botany, Zoology, geology, mineralogy,
paleontology, chemistry, and physics. In recent
usage the term is often restricted to the sciences of
botany and Zoology collectively, and sometimes to the
science of zoology alone.
Natural law, that instinctive sense of justice and of right
and wrong, which is native in mankind, as distinguished
from specifically revealed divine law, and formulated
human law.
Natural modulation (Mus.), transition from one key to its
relative keys.
Natural order. (Nat. Hist.) See under order.
Natural person. (Law) See under person, n.
Natural philosophy, originally, the study of nature in
general; the natural sciences; in modern usage, that
branch of physical science, commonly called physics,
which treats of the phenomena and laws of matter and
considers those effects only which are unaccompanied by
any change of a chemical nature; -- contrasted with
mental philosophy and moral philosophy.
Natural scale (Mus.), a scale which is written without
flats or sharps.
Note: Model would be a preferable term, as less likely to
mislead, the so-called artificial scales (scales
represented by the use of flats and sharps) being
equally natural with the so-called natural scale.
Natural science, the study of objects and phenomena
existing in nature, especially biology, chemistry, physics
and their interdisciplinary related sciences; {natural
history}, in its broadest sense; -- used especially in
contradistinction to social science, mathematics,
philosophy, mental science or moral science.
Natural selection (Biol.), the operation of natural laws
analogous, in their operation and results, to designed
selection in breeding plants and animals, and resulting in
the survival of the fittest; the elimination over time of
species unable to compete in specific environments with
other species more adapted to survival; -- the essential
mechanism of evolution. The principle of natural selection
is neutral with respect to the mechanism by which
inheritable changes occur in organisms (most commonly
thought to be due to mutation of genes and reorganization
of genomes), but proposes that those forms which have
become so modified as to be better adapted to the existing
environment have tended to survive and leave similarly
adapted descendants, while those less perfectly adapted
have tended to die out through lack of fitness for the
environment, thus resulting in the survival of the
fittest. See Darwinism.
Natural system (Bot. & Zool.), a classification based upon
real affinities, as shown in the structure of all parts of
the organisms, and by their embryology.
It should be borne in mind that the natural system
of botany is natural only in the constitution of its
genera, tribes, orders, etc., and in its grand
divisions. --Gray.
Natural theology, or Natural religion, that part of
theological science which treats of those evidences of the
existence and attributes of the Supreme Being which are
exhibited in nature; -- distinguished from {revealed
religion}. See Quotation under Natural, a., 3.
Natural vowel, the vowel sound heard in urn, furl, sir,
her, etc.; -- so called as being uttered in the easiest
open position of the mouth organs. See Neutral vowel,
under Neutral and Guide to Pronunciation, [sect] 17.
[1913 Webster +PJC]
Syn: See Native.
[1913 Webster]Chemistry \Chem"is*try\ (k[e^]m"[i^]s*tr[y^]; 277), n. [From
Chemist. See Alchemy.]
1. That branch of science which treats of the composition of
substances, and of the changes which they undergo in
consequence of alterations in the constitution of the
molecules, which depend upon variations of the number,
kind, or mode of arrangement, of the constituent atoms.
These atoms are not assumed to be indivisible, but merely
the finest grade of subdivision hitherto attained.
Chemistry deals with the changes in the composition and
constitution of molecules. See Atom, Molecule.
[1913 Webster]
Note: Historically, chemistry is an outgrowth of alchemy (or
alchemistry), with which it was anciently identified.
[1913 Webster]
2. An application of chemical theory and method to the
consideration of some particular subject; as, the
chemistry of iron; the chemistry of indigo.
[1913 Webster]
3. A treatise on chemistry.
[1913 Webster]
Note: This word and its derivatives were formerly written
with y, and sometimes with i, instead of e, in the
first syllable, chymistry, chymist, chymical, etc., or
chimistry, chimist, chimical, etc.; and the
pronunciation was conformed to the orthography.
[1913 Webster]
Inorganic chemistry, that which treats of inorganic or
mineral substances.
Organic chemistry, that which treats of the substances
which form the structure of organized beings and their
products, whether animal or vegetable; -- called also
chemistry of the carbon compounds. There is no
fundamental difference between organic and inorganic
chemistry.
Physiological chemistry, the chemistry of the organs and
tissues of the body, and of the various physiological
processes incident to life.
Practical chemistry, or Applied chemistry, that which
treats of the modes of manufacturing the products of
chemistry that are useful in the arts, of their
applications to economical purposes, and of the conditions
essential to their best use.
Pure chemistry, the consideration of the facts and theories
of chemistry in their purely scientific relations, without
necessary reference to their practical applications or
mere utility.
[1913 Webster] |
|