slovodefinícia
cations
(gcide)
Ion \I"on\ ([imac]"[o^]n), n. [Gr. 'io`n, neut, of 'iw`n, p. pr.
of 'ie`nai to go.]
1. (Elec. Chem.) an atom or goup of atoms (radical) carrying
an electrical charge. It is contrasted with neutral atoms
or molecules, and free radicals. Certain compounds, such
as sodium chloride, are composed of complementary ions in
the solid (crystalline) as well as in solution. Others,
notably acids such as hydrogen chloride, may occur as
neutral molecules in the pure liquid or gas forms, and
ionize almost completely in dilute aqueous solutions. In
solutions (as in water) ions are frequently bound
non-covalently with the molecules of solvent, and in that
case are said to be solvated. According to the
electrolytic dissociation theory, the molecules of
electrolytes are divided into ions by water and other
solvents. An ion consists of one or more atoms and carries
one unit charges of electricity, 3.4 x 10^-10
electrostatic units, or a multiple of this. Those which
are positively electrified (hydrogen and the metals) are
called cations; negative ions (hydroxyl and acidic atoms
or groups) are called anions.

Note: Thus, hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates, in aqueous
solution, into the hydrogen ion, H+, and the chlorine
ion, Cl-; ferric nitrate, Fe(NO3)3, yields the
ferric ion, Fe+++, and nitrate ions, NO3-, NO3-,
NO3-. When a solution containing ions is made part of
an electric circuit, the cations move toward the
cathode, the anions toward the anode. This movement is
called migration, and the velocity of it differs for
different kinds of ions. If the electromotive force is
sufficient, electrolysis ensues: cations give up their
charge at the cathode and separate in metallic form or
decompose water, forming hydrogen and alkali;
similarly, at the anode the element of the anion
separates, or the metal of the anode is dissolved, or
decomposition occurs. Aluminum and chlorine are
elements prepared predominantly by such electrolysis,
and depends on dissolving compounds in a solvent where
the element forms ions. Electrolysis is also used in
refining other metals, such as copper and silver. Cf.
Anion, Cation.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]

2. One of the small electrified particles into which the
molecules of a gas are broken up under the action of the
electric current, of ultraviolet and certain other rays,
and of high temperatures. To the properties and behavior
of ions the phenomena of the electric discharge through
rarefied gases and many other important effects are
ascribed. At low pressures the negative ions appear to be
electrons; the positive ions, atoms minus an electron. At
ordinary pressures each ion seems to include also a number
of attached molecules. Ions may be formed in a gas in
various ways.
[Webster 1913 Suppl.]
podobné slovodefinícia
applications
(mass)
applications
- aplikácia
allocations
(encz)
allocations,příděly n: pl. Zdeněk Brož
certifications
(encz)
certifications,certifikace pl. Jiří Šmoldas
clarifications
(encz)
clarifications,objasnění pl. Zdeněk Brož
classifications
(encz)
classifications,klasifikace pl. Zdeněk Brožclassifications,třídění pl. Zdeněk Brož
communications
(encz)
communications,komunikace n: Zdeněk Brož
communications intelligence
(encz)
communications intelligence, n:
communications protocol
(encz)
communications protocol, n:
communications satellite
(encz)
communications satellite, n:
communications technology
(encz)
communications technology, n:
complications
(encz)
complications,komplikace n: Zdeněk Brož
current publications division
(encz)
Current Publications Division,
digital communications technology
(encz)
digital communications technology, n:
federal communications commission
(encz)
Federal Communications Commission, [zkr.]
fortifications
(encz)
fortifications,opevnění pl. Zdeněk Brožfortifications,pevnosti n: Zdeněk Brož
holdings below allocations
(encz)
holdings below allocations,
implications
(encz)
implications,implikace n: Zdeněk Brož
indications
(encz)
indications,náznaky n: pl. Zdeněk Brož
justifications
(encz)
justifications,ospravedlnění pl. Zdeněk Brož
locations
(encz)
locations,lokality n: pl. Zdeněk Brožlocations,umístění pl. Zdeněk Brož
marital communications privilege
(encz)
marital communications privilege, n:
modifications
(encz)
modifications,modifikace n: Zdeněk Brož
multiplications
(encz)
multiplications,násobení n: Zdeněk Brož
news and external communications division
(encz)
News and External Communications Division,
notifications
(encz)
notifications,upozornění pl.
publications
(encz)
publications,publikace n: pl. Zdeněk Brož
publications section
(encz)
Publications Section,
qualifications
(encz)
qualifications,kvalifikace n: pl. [obec.] mammqualifications,odborná kvalifikace n: pl. [obec.] mamm
quantifications
(encz)
quantifications,vyčíslení n: pl. Zdeněk Brož
ramifications
(encz)
ramifications,důsledky n: pl. Zdeněk Brož
simplifications
(encz)
simplifications,zjednodušení n: pl. Zdeněk Brož
specifications
(encz)
specifications,specifikace pl. Zdeněk Brož
telecommunications
(encz)
telecommunications,telekomunikace pl. Zdeněk Brož
vacations
(encz)
vacations,dovolené adj: Zdeněk Brožvacations,prázdniny n: pl. Zdeněk Brož
verifications
(encz)
verifications,ověření n: pl. Zdeněk Brož
vilifications
(encz)
vilifications,urážení n: Zdeněk Brož
vocations
(encz)
vocations,zaměstnání n: Zdeněk Brož
air force technical applications center
(czen)
Air Force Technical Applications Center,AFTAC[zkr.] [voj.] Zdeněk Brož
a automatický překlad
communications
(czen)
Communications, Navigation, and Identification,CNI[zkr.] [voj.] Zdeněk
Brož a automatický překlad
military satellite communications
(czen)
Military Satellite Communications,MILSATCOM[zkr.] [voj.] Zdeněk Brož a
automatický překlad
office of research and technology applications
(czen)
Office of Research and Technology Applications,ORTA[zkr.] [voj.] Zdeněk
Brož a automatický překlad
satellite communications
(czen)
Satellite Communications,SATCOM[zkr.] [voj.] Zdeněk Brož a automatický
překlad
theater deployable communications
(czen)
Theater Deployable Communications,TDC[zkr.] [voj.] Zdeněk Brož a
automatický překlad
tri-service tactical communications
(czen)
Tri-Service Tactical Communications,TriTAC[zkr.] [voj.] Zdeněk Brož a
automatický překlad
communications intelligence
(gcide)
COMINT \COMINT\ n.
an abbreviation for communications intelligence; technical
and intelligence information derived from foreign
communications by other than the intended recipients.

Syn: communications intelligence.
[WordNet 1.5]
applications programme
(wn)
applications programme
n 1: a program that gives a computer instructions that provide
the user with tools to accomplish a task; "he has tried
several different word processing applications" [syn:
application, application program, {applications
programme}]
communications
(wn)
communications
n 1: the discipline that studies the principles of transmiting
information and the methods by which it is delivered (as
print or radio or television etc.); "communications is his
major field of study" [syn: communications,
communication theory]
communications intelligence
(wn)
communications intelligence
n 1: technical and intelligence information derived from foreign
communications by other than the intended recipients [syn:
communications intelligence, COMINT]
communications protocol
(wn)
communications protocol
n 1: (computer science) rules determining the format and
transmission of data [syn: protocol, {communications
protocol}]
communications satellite
(wn)
communications satellite
n 1: an artificial satellite that relays signals back to earth;
moves in a geostationary orbit
communications security establishment
(wn)
Communications Security Establishment
n 1: Canadian agency that gathers communications intelligence
and assist law enforcement and security agencies [syn:
Communications Security Establishment, CSE]
communications technology
(wn)
communications technology
n 1: the activity of designing and constructing and maintaining
communication systems
digital communications technology
(wn)
digital communications technology
n 1: the design and construction of communications technology
that transmits information in digital form
federal communications commission
(wn)
Federal Communications Commission
n 1: an independent government agency that regulates interstate
and international communications by radio and television
and wire and cable and satellite [syn: {Federal
Communications Commission}, FCC]
marital communications privilege
(wn)
marital communications privilege
n 1: neither spouse can divulge confidential communications from
the other while they were married [syn: {marital
communications privilege}, husband-wife privilege]
advanced communications function
(foldoc)
Advanced Communications Function
ACF

(ACF) A group of IBM SNA products that
provide distributed processing and resource sharing such as
VTAM and NCP.

[Communication or Communications?]

(1997-05-07)
advanced data communications control protocol
(foldoc)
Advanced Data Communications Control Protocol
ADCCP

An ANSI standard bit-oriented data link
control protocol.

(1997-05-07)
advanced program-to-program communications
(foldoc)
Advanced Program-to-Program Communications
APPC

(APPC) An implementation of the IBM
SNA/SDLC LU6.2 protocol that allows interconnected
systems to communicate and share the processing of programs.

(1995-02-03)
applications development manager
(foldoc)
Applications Development Manager

(Or "Director") The person in a company who plans and
oversees multiple projects and project managers. The
Applications Development Managers works with the CIO and
senior management to determine systems development strategy
and standards. He or she administers department budget and
reviews project managers.

(2004-03-06)
applications language
(foldoc)
Ousterhout's dichotomy
applications language
Ousterhout's fallacy
Ousterhout's false dichotomy
system programming language

John Ousterhout's division of {high-level
languages} into "system programming languages" and "scripting
languages". This distinction underlies the design of his
language Tcl.

System programming languages (or "applications languages") are
strongly typed, allow arbitrarily complex data structures,
and programs in them are compiled, and are meant to operate
largely independently of other programs. Prototypical system
programming languages are C and Modula-2.

By contrast, scripting languages (or "glue languages") are
weakly typed or untyped, have little or no provision for
complex data structures, and programs in them ("scripts")
are interpreted. Scripts need to interact either with other
programs (often as glue) or with a set of functions provided
by the interpreter, as with the file system functions
provided in a UNIX shell and with Tcl's GUI functions.
Prototypical scripting languages are AppleScript, C Shell,
MS-DOS batch files and Tcl.

Many believe that this is a highly arbitrary dichotomy, and
refer to it as "Ousterhout's fallacy" or "Ousterhout's false
dichotomy". While strong-versus-weak typing, data structure
complexity, and independent versus stand-alone might be said
to be unrelated features, the usual critique of Ousterhout's
dichotomy is of its distinction of compilation versus
interpretation, since neither semantics nor syntax depend
significantly on whether code is compiled into
machine-language, interpreted, tokenized, or
byte-compiled at the start of each run, or any mixture of
these. Many languages fall between being interpreted or
compiled (e.g. Lisp, Forth, UCSD Pascal, Perl, and
Java). This makes compilation versus interpretation a
dubious parameter in a taxonomy of programming languages.

(2002-05-28)
applications programming interface
(foldoc)
Application Program Interface
API
Application Programming Interface
Applications Programming Interface

(API, or "application programming interface")
The interface (calling conventions) by which an {application
program} accesses operating system and other services. An
API is defined at source code level and provides a level of
abstraction between the application and the kernel (or
other privileged utilities) to ensure the portability of the
code.

An API can also provide an interface between a {high level
language} and lower level utilities and services which were
written without consideration for the calling conventions
supported by compiled languages. In this case, the API's main
task may be the translation of parameter lists from one format
to another and the interpretation of call-by-value and
call-by-reference arguments in one or both directions.

(1995-02-15)
applications software
(foldoc)
application program
app
application software
applications software

(Or "application", "app") A
complete, self-contained program that performs a specific
function directly for the user. This is in contrast to
system software such as the operating system kernel,
server processes, libraries which exists to support
application programs and utility programs.

Editors for various kinds of documents, spreadsheets, and
text formatters are common examples of applications. Network
applications include clients such as those for FTP,
electronic mail, telnet and WWW.

The term is used fairly loosely, for instance, some might say
that a client and server together form a distributed
application, others might argue that editors and compilers
were not applications but utility programs for building
applications.

One distinction between an application program and the
operating system is that applications always run in {user
mode} (or "non-privileged mode"), while operating systems and
related utilities may run in supervisor mode (or "privileged
mode").

The term may also be used to distinguish programs which
communicate via a graphical user interface from those which
are executed from the command line.

(2007-02-02)
association for progressive communications
(foldoc)
Association for Progressive Communications
APC

(APC) A world-wide organisation of
like-minded computer networks providing a global
communications network dedicated to the free and balanced flow
of information.

The APC defends and promotes non-commercial, productive online
space for NGOs (Non-Governmental Organisations) and
collaborates with like-minded organisations to ensure that the
information and communication needs of civil society are
considered in telecommunications, donor and investment policy.

A few of APC's partner organisations include The {Institute
for Global Communications} (USA), GreenNet (UK), Nicarao
(Nicaragua) Enda-Tiers Monde (Senegal) and GlasNet (Ukraine).

These organisations serve people working toward goals that
include the prevention of warfare, elimination of militarism
and poverty, protection of the environment, human rights,
social and economic justice, participatory democracy,
non-violent conflict resolution, and the promotion of
sustainable development.

(http://apc.org/english/).

E-mail: .

(2000-10-08)
asynchronous communications interface adapter
(foldoc)
Asynchronous Communications Interface Adapter
ACIA

(ACIA) A kind of {integrated
circuit} that provides data formatting and control to EIA-232
serial interfaces.

[Is this the same as a UART?]

(1997-05-07)
bell communications research, inc
(foldoc)
Bell Communications Research, Inc

(Bellcore) The research laboratory for the seven regional
Bell Telephone companies in the USA that were created by the
divestiture of AT&T in 1984.

It can be compared to Bell Laboratories, for which many
Bellcore employees used to work. Currently jointly owned by
the seven baby bells (as they are called), there are rumours
that it is to be sold by its current owners to become an
independent research laboratory

Its headquarters are in Livingstone, New Jersey. It has
offices in Morristown, Lincroft, and Piscataway, all in
New Jersey, USA.

Telephone: +1 (201) 74 3000, +1 (800) 521 CORE.

(1994-12-06)
comité européen des postes et telecommunications
(foldoc)
Comité Européen des Postes et Telecommunications

(CEPT, European Conference of Post and
Telecommunications) The committee that defined the CEPT speech
compression scheme.

[Details of compression scheme?]

(1998-03-16)
common applications environment
(foldoc)
Common Applications Environment

(CAE) Part of X/Open, based on POSIX
and C.

[Details?]

(2007-03-01)
common applications service element
(foldoc)
Common Applications Service Element

Common Application Service Element
communications decency act
(foldoc)
Communications Decency Act

(CDA) An amendment to the U.S. 1996 Telecommunications
Bill that went into effect on 1996-02-08. The law, originally
proposed by Senator James Exon to protect children from
obscenity on the Internet, ended up making it punishable by
fines of up to $250,000 to post indecent language on the
Internet anywhere that a minor could read it.

Thousands of outraged Internet users turned their {web
pages} black in protest or displayed the {Electronic Frontier
Foundation}'s special icons.

On 1996-06-12, a three-judge panel in Philadelphia ruled the
CDA unconstitutional and issued an injunction against the
United States Justice Department forbidding them to enforce
the "indecency" provisions of the law. Internet users
celebrated by displaying an animated "Free Speech" fireworks
icon to their web pages, courtesy of the {Voters
Telecommunications Watch}. The Justice Department appealed
the decision to the U.S. Supreme Court.

(1996-11-03)
communications of the acm
(foldoc)
Communications of the ACM
CACM

(CACM) A monthly publication by the {Association
for Computing Machinery} sent to all members. CACM is an
influential publication that keeps computer science
professionals up to date on developments. Each issue includes
articles, case studies, practitioner oriented pieces, regular
columns, commentary, departments, the ACM Forum, technical
correspondence and advertisements.

(http://acm.org/cacm/).

(1995-01-18)
communications port
(foldoc)
communications port
com port

A connector for a communications
interface, usually, a serial port.

(1996-08-04)
communications server
(foldoc)
Communications Server

IBM's rebranding of ACF.

(1999-01-20)
communications software
(foldoc)
communications software

Application programs, {operating
system} components, and probably firmware, forming part of a
communication system. These different software components
might be classified according to the functions within the
Open Systems Interconnect model which they provide.

Typical applications include a web browser, {Mail User
Agent}, chat and telnet.

(2001-03-18)
data communications analyst
(foldoc)
data communications analyst

A person who installs, maintains, and troubleshoots
data networks. A data communications analyst may have
knowledge of T1 lines, TCP/IP, fiber optics, SNA,
frame relay. He assists users with problems related to
connectivity, analyses data flow, configures modems, DSUs,
multiplexors, and routers, and uses network tools such as
NetView or Netspy.

(2004-03-11)
data communications equipment
(foldoc)
Data Communication Equipment
Data Communications Equipment

(DCE) The devices and connections
of a communications network that connect the communication
circuit between the data source and destination (the {Data
Terminal Equipment} or DTE). A modem is the most common
kind of DCE.

Before data can be transmited over a modem, the DTR (Data
Terminal Ready) signal must be active. DTR tells the DCE that
the DTE is ready to transmit and receive data.

DCE and DTE are usually connected by an EIA-232 {serial
line}. It is necessary to distinguish these two types of
device because their connectors must be wired differently if a
"straight-through" cable (pin 1 to pin 1, pin 2 to pin 2 etc.)
is to be used. DCE should have a female connector and should
transmit on pin two and receive on pin three. It is a curious
fact that many modems are "DTE" according to the original
standard.

(1995-02-28)
data over cable systems interface specifications
(foldoc)
Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification
Data Over Cable Systems Interface Specifications
DOCSIS

(DOCSIS) ITU-approved interface
requirements for cable modems involved in high-speed data
distribution over a cable television network. DOCSIS
compatible equipment uses a 6 MHz carrier band for
downstream, using 64 and 256 QAM (ITU Annex B), and QPSK
and 16 QAM for upstream, allowing up to 36 and 10 Mb/s,
respectively for downstream and upstream channels.

CableLabs FAQ (http://cablemodem.com/FAQs.html).

(2001-07-10)

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